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　　1. Looking beyond the 10-year period， the botanists estimate that some 3，000 native plant species may become extinct in the foreseeable future—more than 10 percent of the approximately 25，000 species of plants in the United States.

　　在展望10年后的情况时植物学家们估计，在未来可预见到的时间内，3 000种本地植物——占美国近25 000种植物的10%——将可能灭绝。

　　2. The annual migrations of wildfowl and many other animals certainly cannot be regarded as a form of exploration， because such movements are actually only shifts from one habitat to another for the purpose of avoiding seasonal climatic variations.

　　野生禽类和许多其他动物每年的迁徙，当然不能被看做是一种探险行为，因为，这些迁徙活动实际上只是从一个栖息地转移到另一个栖息地，以躲避气候的季节性变化。

　　3. Proponents of G-M foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits： it speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics; can be used to introduce traits that a product wouldn‘t traditionally have; can improve the nutritional value of products; and can produce cheaper and more environmentally friendly fertilizers.

　　转基因食物的倡导者指出，用生物技术生产食物有很多益处：它能加速作物和牲畜的生长速度，并使它们具有所要求的特点;它可以给食物增添以往不具备的特征;可以改进食物的营养价值;可以生产出廉价、环保效果更好的肥料。

　　4. What makes this debate unique is that every meal we eat is at its very core. And that fact means one thing： it‘s an issue to be discussed not only around policy tables， but dinner tables.

　　使这场辩论不同一般的是：我们吃的每顿饭都成为争论的中心。而且，这个事实意味着一件事：这不仅是政策制定会上应该讨论的问题，而且是饭桌上要讨论的问题。

　　5.“Contact us before writing your application”or“Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history” is how it is usually expressed.

　　“写申请前同我们联系”，“利用我们多年的经验来准备你的学历或工作经历”，这种广告经常这样宣传。

　　6. There is no doubt， however， that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.

　　但是，毫无疑问，正是由于在申请工作的过程中具有大学学历的人数增加，使得简历更加重要。

　　7. Other goals of the interview are： to answer questions successfully， obtain any additional information needed to make a decision， accent your special strengths， establish a positive relationship， show confidence， and to sell yourself.

　　参加面试其他的目标包括：成功地回答问题，为做决定获得更多信息，强调自己的特殊优势，建立良好的关系，表达自己的信心，推销自己。

　　8. Based on these goals， place yourself in the role of the interviewer and develop anticipated questions and answers to three categories： company data， personal data， and specific job data.

　　在明确这些目标的基础上，将自己设想为面试你的人，在以下三个方面为自己设想出一些问题以及这些问题的答案：公司数据信息，个人信息，有关某份工作的特定信息。

　　9. Since the interview will center on you， proper self-management process is divided into four stages： the before stage， the greeting stage， the consultation stage， and the departure stage.

　　既然面试的焦点是你，应该在以下四个阶段做出合理的准备：面试前阶段，问候阶段，商洽阶段，告别阶段。

　　10. The before stage includes writing a confirmation letter， concentrating on appearance and nonverbal communication， developing your portfolio， anticipating questions with positive responses， and arriving early.

　　面试前阶段包括写一封确认函、集中注意自己的仪表和非语言行为、准备好自己的资料、设想一些问题以及对这些问题的正面回答、早到面试地点。

　　11. The greeting stage includes greeting everyone courteously， using waiting-room smarts， using your time wisely， and applying proper protocol when meeting the interviewer.

　　问候阶段包括礼貌地向每个人问候，在等候室灵活使用一些交往技能，合理地使用自己的时间，同面试你的人会面时恰如其分地使用一些礼节。

　　12. The consultation stage includes responsiveness and enthusiasm， knowing when to interject key points， showing sincerity， highlighting your strengths， and listening intently.

　　商洽阶段包括反应机敏、热情，知道何时应该(在交谈中)插入一些关键信息，要表现得诚恳，突出自己的优点，注意倾听。

　　13. If the company doesn‘t respond in two weeks， call back or write a follow-up letter. You may get turned down. If so， try to find out why as a means of self-improvement.

　　如果公司两周内没有反应，打个电话或再写封信过去。你可能没有被雇用，如果是这样的话，找出原因，以便进行自我改进。

　　14. I have sought it， next， because it relieves loneliness—that terrible loneliness in which one‘s shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.

　　我追求爱，其次是因为爱使我摆脱孤独。在这种可怕的孤独时刻，人们似乎处于世界的边缘，颤抖的意识面对着冷酷而死寂的无底深渊。

　　15. Non-traditional students， overwhelmingly female， began to study on a part-time basis， the numbers of women going to graduate school increased， and women sought entry to the non-traditional position of university faculty member.

　　新类型的学生——绝大多数是女生——开始半工半读式的学习，攻读研究生的女生数量增加了，妇女开始从事大学教师这样的非传统职业。

　　16. This decline occurred in both coeducational and women‘s colleges where women faculty declined from 72% in 1940 to 50% in 1955 and dropped to a low of 45% in 1978.

　　人数的减少普遍存在于男女同校的大学，也存在于女子学校。在女子学校，女教师的比例从1940年的72%减少到1955年的50%，到1978年降低到45%的低点。

　　17. More than one-third of employers in a new survey say they would probably cut off health benefits to their workers if Congress passes a law allowing patients to sue managed care plans for malpractice.

　　在一项新的调查中，有超过三分之一的雇主表示：如果国会通过一项使病人可以因管理不善起诉管理医疗保健计划的法律，雇主可能会削减工人的医疗补贴。

　　18. The employers apparently fear the legislation could open the door to the same kinds of suits against them. Companies are already struggling to contain rising health costs and deal with workers who complain that managed care blocks their access to care.

　　雇主显然担心这样的立法会为对他们类似的起诉打开大门。公司已经在竭力支付日益增长的医疗费用，处理工人们的投诉，这些工人认为管理医疗计划阻碍了他们享受医疗服务。

　　19. Although companies have relied on health maintenance organizations and other types of managed care firms to control costs through most of the 1990s， the Hewitt survey showed employers have serious concerns about the health plans.

　　在九十年代的大部分时间里，虽然公司依靠保健机构和其他类型的管理医疗公司来控制花费，Hewitt调查显示，雇主们很关心保健计划。

　　20. Whatever you decide to do in the way of part-time and vacation work while you‘re at university，make sure that you take the following issues into consideration before committing yourself：

　　在上学期间无论你决定做什么临时工作或假期内打工，在做出决定之前，你都应该考虑到下列问题：

　　21. Interface with the Business Development Support Group to assist in developing strategic communication plans for new business development， working with government relations and protocol specialist in supporting visits from various external stakeholders.

　　与业务开发支持部门协调，协助制定交际策略方案，开发新业务;帮助协调与政府的关系，同礼仪专家一道负责接待与公司有密切关系的外来造访者。

　　22. External communications experience in a media， corporate or agency setting， knowledge of media and communications vehicles and the fundamental principles of journalism and public relations， successful project management experience， with excellent communication and interpersonal skills.

　　有在媒体机构、公司或代理机构负责对外交际工作的经验，熟悉各种媒体和交际手段，熟知新闻和公共关系方面的基本原理，具有项目管理的成功经验，具有优良的交际和人际关系处理技能。

　　23. In many states this year， budget requests by state universities have had to be scaled back or frozen， while tuition， the share of the cost borne by the students themselves， has gone up—in some cases faster than the rate of inflation.

　　今年，在许多州，州立大学的预算不得不减少或冻结，而学费——学生所承担的费用——却上升了，在某些情况下上升得比通货膨胀率还要快。

　　24. So it was against this backdrop that members of the National Governors Association came together in this New England city this past week to discuss issues of common concern， one being higher education.

　　所以，正是在这种背景下，全国州长协会在过去的一周里聚集在这座新英格兰地区的城市，讨论他们共同关心的问题，其中之一是高等教育问题。

　　25. And the focus of their talks about colleges centered not on how money could be more effectively directed， but how to get greater productivity out of a system that many feel has become highly inefficient and resistive to change.

　　在大学问题上，他们谈话的焦点不是如何更有效地花钱，而是提高大学体制的效率，许多人感到这个体制效率非常低下，而且变得僵化。

　　26. As a result， the governors will embark on a three-year study of higher education systems and how to make state colleges and universities better able to meet the challenges o a global economy in the 21st century.

　　结果，州长们将对教育体制进行历时三年的研究，研究的目标是如何使州立大学更好地迎接21世纪全球经济领域里的挑战。

　　27.“With tuition rising faster than the rate of inflation and students taking longer and longer to finish college， one of these days the public is going to say，”‘Enough!’“Pennsylvania Republican Gov. Tom Ridge said.

　　共和党人宾州州长汤姆?里奇说：随着学费比通货膨胀率上涨得快，学生完成大学学业需要的时间越来越长，有一天公众会说：够了!

　　28. Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetings resolute in the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of new technologies and a changing work force.

　　会议结束后，里奇和其他州长们更坚信：高等教育需要革新换面，也许应该重点提高效率，满足新技术和变化的劳动力市场的要求。

　　29. Several governors noted that establishment of clearer standards， greater efficiencies in providing services， and more student competency testing might be needed， in addition to curriculum inspection.

　　几位州长提到，除了审查教学大纲外，也许还应该确立更清楚的标准，提高服务的效率，对学生进行更多的能力测试。

　　30. Like our political society， the university is under severe attack today and perhaps for the same reason; namely， that we have accomplished much of what we have set out to do in this generation， that we have done so imperfectly， and while we have been doing so， we have said a lot of things that simply are not true.

　　像我们的政治社会一样，今天的大学正在受到严厉抨击，而且理由也许相同，即：我们这个时代要做的事情已经大都完成，但是我们做得还不尽善尽美，而且，虽然我们做出了一些论断，但我们也说了许多不正确的话。

　　31. The university should use one-fourth of a student‘s time in his undergraduate years and organize it into courses which might be called history， and literature and philosophy， and anything else appropriate and organize these around primary problems.

　　大学应该使本科生花四分之一的时间，学习被称做历史、文学、哲学或其他合适的课程，通过这些课程来探讨重大问题。

　　32. On the other hand， there could be very serious consequences if this knowledge were used intentionally to produce superior and subordinate classes， each genetically prepared to carry out a predetermined mission.

　　从另一方面讲，如果这种知识被有意识地用来复制优等或劣等群体，天生让这些人来完成某一预定的使命，那就会产生非常严重的后果。

　　33. After all， the purpose of education is not only to impart knowledge but to teach students to use the knowledge that they either have or will find， to teach them to ask and seek answers for important questions.

　　毕竟，教育的目的不仅是传授知识，而且还要教会学生使用已经或将要掌握的知识，教育他们学会提问并回答重大问题。

　　34. Many people expect this to change fundamentally the nature of television programming and viewing， from a broadcast medium (dominated by big networks like Britain‘s BBC and ITV and the big US networks， showing a mixture of programme types with something for everyone) to a“narrowcast” medium more like today’s magazines and radio.

　　许多人预期这将根本改变电视节目安排和收视的本质特征，从一种广播媒体(主宰者是像BBC、ITV和美国的各大电视网络，涵盖每个人所需要的节目类型)变成小范围播送的媒体,更像今天的杂志和收音机一样。

　　35. The argument is that， as with gardening magazines today， such a channel could generate revenue both from subscriptions (since it would be tailored to that target audience) and from advertising (not just for gardening products， but also for other products and services such as cruise holidays and financial services aimed at the same target market)。

　　其中的论点是，像今天的园艺杂志一样，这种频道不仅从入网费上取得收入(既然它满足的是特定观众的需要)，而且通过播出广告挣钱(不仅是园艺产品的广告，而且包括其他产品和服务项目，如长途旅游的假期，面向同样的特定市场的金融服务)。

　　36. In the five years I‘ve worked here， we’ve gone to off-campus parties to write about underage drinking at our local college， exposed corruption in a local economic development group， and traced an embezzlers criminal past all the way to Alaska. I‘ve never seen our paper back down from a story.

　　我在这里工作的五年期间，我们去参加过校园外的聚会，写过当地大学的青少年饮酒问题，揭发过当地某个经济开发集团的腐败问题，一直追踪到阿拉斯加揭露出一起侵吞公款的案件。我从未见过我们的报纸放弃过一次报道。

　　37. Recently， when a young boy was shot to death， I had to repeatedly leave the scene to update my editor from a pay phone， while the reporter from a competing paper used his cell phone to chat with his office from the doorstep of the victim‘s house.

　　最近，在报道一个小男孩被击毙的事件时，我不得不一次次离开现场，通过付费电话告知我的编辑更新消息，而作为竞争对手的那家报纸的记者，可以站在受害者家门口的台阶上用手机与办公室交谈。

　　38. They lose daily contact with Nature， their idea of Nature is rather vague and non-experiential， so they think that they are independent of and above Nature， or even can live without Nature.

　　他们与大自然失去了日常联系，对大自然的认识是相当模糊的、非经验式的，所以，他们认为自己独立于大自然或凌驾其上，甚至认为没有大自然照样可以生存。

　　39. Thinking in terms of public experiences， we find that joyous experiences are a means; when thinking subjectively， or in terms of ones own sense experiences， we find that joyous experiences are an end.

　　从集体经验的角度来看，我们发现欢乐的体验是一种手段;从主观上来说，或者从个人的感官体验来说，我们发现欢乐的体验是一种目的。

　　40. So we should view joyous experiences and life sustenance in this way： Lifeis a carrier of senses and values， but not all sorts of senses and values are permitted， pursuance of forbidden ones will lead to the threat or even discontinuance of life as an individual and as a whole.

　　因此，我们应该这样看待欢乐的体验和生命的维系：生命是感官和价值观的载体，但是，并非所有感官享受和价值观都是被允许存在的，如果追求被禁止的享受和价值观，将会受到威胁，甚至造成某个个体或社会整体生命的终结。

　　41. Competition， formerly between individual firms， is now mainly between nations， and is therefore conducted by methods quite different from those formulated by the classical economists.(3)

　　竞争过去是在公司之间展开，但现在主要成为国家之间的竞争，所以，经典经济学家们揭示的竞争方法已经不再适用。

　　42. We may say， therefore， speaking very generally， that men have used the increased productivity which they owe to science for three chief purposes in succession： first， to increase the population; then， to raise the standard of comfort; and， finally， to provide more energy to war.

　　因此，我们可以概而言之地说，科学的发展带来了生产率的提高，人们由此可以依次实现三个主要目的：第一，增加人口的数量;其次，提高舒适生活的标准;再次，为战争提供更多的能源。

　　43. Web browsers! Interactive software! Theres a lot of new technology talk going on in public relations these days， and its coming from a variety of sources.

　　网页浏览器!交互式软件!最近，在公共关系中人们大谈特谈新技术，而且各种各样的人都加入了进来。

　　44. The foundations of good public relations remain the same： anticipating and meeting the needs of clients and the media， and providing informed and useful counsel.

　　建立良好公共关系的基础没有变：考虑并满足顾客和媒体的需要，为之提供有根据的有用咨询。

　　45. The delivery system is part of the message and contributes to the overall image， so the practitioner should consider how that system affects the client， the product， and the audiences.

　　交货方式是公司信息的组成部分，影响到公司的整体形象，因此，实际负责的人应该考虑这种交货方式对消费者、产品和观众产生的影响。

　　46. In the last presidential election， more than one candidate had problems with their personal web-pages because webmasters were not kept up to date on changes in campaign strategy and messages.

　　在上次的总统选举中，不止一位参选者的个人网页存在问题，因为站点管理员没有及时更新网上的竞选策略和竞选信息。

　　47. They believe that those regulations， which exclude most poor husband and wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) assistance grants， contribute to the problem of family dissolution.

　　这些规定将最贫困的夫妻家庭排斥在“救助有受抚养子女的家庭(简称AFDC)”的救济金补助范围之外，他们认为，这造成了家庭的破裂。

　　48. The third type is the unhappily married couple， who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children， because of the high costs of separation， or because of the consumption benefits of marriage.

　　第三类是婚姻不幸福的家庭，夫妻不离异只是由于对孩子经济上的责任感，因为离异的代价很高，或者为了取得结婚家庭的消费补助。

　　49. Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society， such as division of property， and child support.

　　在不同收入的阶层中，婚姻的稳定与否，在很大程度上取决于在某个社会中离异所导致的代价的高低，如财产的分配、子女的抚养问题。

　　50. To the extent that welfare is a form of government subsidized AFDC payments， it reduces the costs of separation and guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children.

　　由于补助金是政府补助的一种“救助有受抚养子女的家庭”的津贴，它起到了降低离异代价、保障妻子和子女最低生活水平的作用。

　　51. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage.

　　【译文】 因此，获得福利补贴的机会，在贫穷阶层的人中是导致家庭破裂的一个重要决定因素，但是，这不是“救助有受抚养子女的家庭”政策所导致的，何况多数完好家庭也不属于补助范围。

　　52. Rather, welfar related instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its breach by providing a system of government subsidized payments.

　　【译文】 相反，由福利制度导致的家庭破裂之所以发生，是因为公共救助计划提供了一种政府补助体制，它不仅减少了婚姻的利益，而且降低了破裂的代价。

　　53. The warning signs can be difficult enough to recognize; but the problem of identifying major depression in teens is further complicated by the fact that even these ambiguous signs are not always present.

　　【译文】 警告信号可能很难辨认，但是，即使这些含糊的信号也不一定总是存在，这一事实使辨认青少年身上所表现出的重大消沉情绪的问题变得更加复杂。

　　54. They are using what we know as signs, to communicate with each other about some situation that is present at that moment: gathering the group, alarm, hunting, mating.

　　【译文】 他们使用我们称做符号的东西，相互之间在谈论着此时此刻所发生的事情：如集合、警告、猎取、交配等。

　　55. Is it possible to imagine something as highly refined and subtle as the cave paintings of 15,000 years ago without language to enable manipulation and transference of ideas?

　　【译文】 如果没有语言来构思和传达思想，怎么想像能创作出15 000年前如此精美细致的洞穴绘画呢?

　　56. Possession of language is a defining mark of our humanity, and it has been faithfully accompanying us ever since our branch first emerged as a distinct species.

　　【译文】 拥有语言是我们人类的一个区别性标志，自我们作为一个特殊的物种存在以来，语言能力一直伴随着我们。

　　57. In Prague, when Tomas and Tereza brought a new chair or moved a flower pot, Karenin would look on in displeasure. It disturbed his sense of time. Nonetheless, he soon managed to reestablish the old order and old rituals in the Zurich flat.

　　【译文】 在布拉格，当托马斯和特里萨买把新椅子，或移动花盆时，卡列宁会感到很不高兴。这搅乱了他的时间意识。但是，在苏黎世的公寓里，他很快就恢复了过去的秩序和旧礼节。

　　58. In periods of despair, she would remind herself she had to hold on because of him, because he was weaker than she, weaker perhaps even than Dubcek and their abandoned homeland.

　　【译文】 在绝望时刻，她总是提醒自己要为他而坚持下去，因为他比她更脆弱，甚至也许比杜布切克和他们离开的祖国还要脆弱。

　　59. When she said that Tomas wasn’t there and she didn’t know when he’d be back, the woman on the other end of the line started laughing and, without saying good-bye, hung up.

　　【译文】 当她说托马斯不在，不知道什么时候能回来时，电话另一端的那个女人大笑了起来，没说再见就挂断了电话。

　　60. It was then that she realized she had lost the last bit of strength she had had at home; she was absolutely incapable of tolerating this absolutely insignificant incident.

　　【译文】 恰恰在那时，她意识到自己在家时曾拥有的力量已经消失殆尽;她根本无法忍受这件鸡毛蒜皮的小事。

　　61. The fact that they loved each other was merely proof that the fault lay not in themselves, in their behavior or inconstancy of feeling, but rather in their incompatibility; he was strong and she was weak.

　　【译文】 他们彼此相爱，这个事实只能证明他们本身没有问题，他们的行为或情感的摇摆也没问题。问题在于他们彼此不相容：他很坚强，而她太脆弱。

　　62. They were no longer occasional practitioners of art, as the cave painters had been, but full professionals — i.e., men skilled in a specialized occupation, practicing it full-time and probably earning all of their livelihood from it.

　　【译文】 他们不再像洞穴壁画的创作者一样是艺术品的偶然创作者，而是全职的职业创作者，即：他们擅长于某个特定行业，全职从事之，也许还以此为生。

　　63. But even the relatively simple definition of a professional as a person receiving pay for carrying out a specialized occupation on a full-time basis is difficult to apply to the arts.

　　【译文】 但是，即使将职业者相对简单地定义为全职从事某个特定行业并从中取得报酬的人，这个定义也很难适用于艺术。

　　64. Nearly everywhere and always, music, architecture, and poetry have been regarded as professions, while pottery making has been regarded as an art and granted the dignity of a profession only in some non Western cultures.

　　【译文】 几乎在每个地方，音乐、建筑和诗歌总是被看做是专业，而制陶只在某些西方以外的国家被看做艺术，并被冠以专业的名誉。

　　65. The attempt to gain for some of the arts the status of learned or quasi-learned professions resulted in a distinction between “the fine arts" and “the applied arts", a distinction that has done harm to both.

　　【译文】 人们赋予某些艺术以有学问或半学问的专业地位，区分出“高雅艺术”和“应用艺术”，这种做法对彼此都有害无益。

　　66. The gradual breakdown of the attitude that permitted such exclusive categories to be created and the general rejection of the false distinctions between art and utility are encouraging developments in the arts in recent times.

　　【译文】 这种彼此排斥的分类态度正在逐渐改变，人们普遍拒绝对艺术和实用做人为的区分，态度的改变目前正在促进艺术的发展。

　　67. Michelson’s work is valuable, as a reflection of the day to day responsibilities of Mesquakie women, yet as is often the case with life passage studies, it presents little of the central character’s psychological motivation.

　　【译文】 迈克逊的著作是有价值的，反映了Mesquakie妇女的日常职责，但是，像其他生活过程研究一样，它对主人翁心理动机的描述甚少。


　　68. For example, in Maria Campbell’s account of growing up as a Canadian Metis who was influenced strongly by the non native American world around her, one learns a great deal about the life of native American women, but Campbell’s individual story, which is told to us directly, is always the center of her narrative.

　　【译文】 例如，玛利亚?坎贝尔叙述了自己作为一个加拿大迈提斯人的成长过程，她深受周围的非本土的北美世界影响，她的故事使读者对本土美洲妇女的生活有了很多了解，但是，坎贝尔的个人故事是她亲自向读者讲述的，它始终是书的主线。

　　69. As anthropologist Ralph Lonton said, “The last thing a fish would ever notice would be water." So it is with people: except in unusual circumstances, the effects of our own culture generally remain imperceptible to us.

　　【译文】 人类学家拉尔夫?兰顿说：“鱼根本注意不到水的存在。”人也是这样：除非在不同寻常的情况下，文化对我们的影响通常不为我们所注意。


　　70. No longer could I count on people to stare only surreptitiously, to take precautions against invisible microbes, or to stand in an orderly way one behind the other on the basis of time of arrival to obtain a service.

　　【译文】 我再也不能指望人们仅仅偷偷地看，不能再担心看不见的细菌，或井然有序地按先来后到顺序一个个排队来获得某项服务。

　　71. The aerospace industry is the complex of manufacturing concerns engaged in the production of flight vehicles, including unpowered gliders and sailplanes, lighter than air-craft, ground-effect machines, heavier than air craft of both fixed-wing and rotary-wing varieties, military missiles, space launch vehicles, and manned or unmanned spacecraft; propulsion systems and other thrusting devices; on board equipment essential to the design purpose of the flight vehicle; and ground-based support equipment needed for the operation and maintenance of the flight vehicle.

　　【译文】 航天工业是一个综合制造行业，从事各种飞行器的生产，包括：各种无动力滑翔机，轻于空气的飞行器，地面效应机械设备，重于空气的各种固定和旋转机翼飞行器，军用导弹，太空发射器，载人或无人飞行器，推进系统或其他助推设备，对飞行器的设计至关重要的舱内设备，控制和维护飞行器的地面设备。

　　72. Russia, France, and the United Kingdom, as well as the European Space Agency, also have achieved a high degree of aerospace sophistication and have the ability to manufacture home designed systems including the entire range of aerospace vehicles.

　　【译文】 俄罗斯、法国、英国以及欧洲航天局也在航天技术上取得很高的成就，能够制造包括各种航空飞行器在内的本国自身设计的系统。

　　73. In the United States, nonaerospace systems, primarily for state and municipal governments, utilities, surface transportation companies, hospitals, and other segments of the medical community, represent a significant portion of total sales.

　　【译文】 在美国，非航空设备的主要客户是各州和市政府、公用事业公司、地面运输公司、医院和其他医疗机构，这些设备的生产占总销售量的很大一部分。

　　74. Between 1940 and 1980 in the United States, for example, per-acre yields of corn tripled, those of wheat and soybeans doubled, and farm output per hour of farm work increased almost 10 fold as capital was substituted for labour.

　　【译文】 例如，美国在1940～1980期间玉米的亩产量增加了2倍，小麦和大豆增加了1倍;换算为现金计算，每工时的农业产量增加了近9倍。

　　75. This is an opportunity for some of us to suggest to Hollywood where that boundary of consumer tolerance is. Especially those of us who have not yet convinced Hollywood to cease its descent into ever lower levels of desensitization of our young.

　　【译文】 现在是个机会，我们应该告诉好莱坞消费者的忍耐力所能达到的限度。特别是对我们这些还没有说服好莱坞，阻止他们使我们的年轻一代变得越来越冷漠的人来说。

　　76. Producers like Aaron Sorkin of “The West Wing" planned to keep pushing hard. He was quoted as saying: “There’s absolutely no reason why we can’t use the language of adulthood in programs that are about adults."

　　【译文】 像亚伦?索金(《西楼》的制片人)这样的制片人准备穷追不舍，有报道引用他的话说：“在反映成人生活的节目中，绝对没有理由不能使用成人语言。”

　　77. At this moment of crisis in our nations history, thought has become more contemplative, prayerful, and spiritual. It may be the time to tell the entertainment industry that we want not a temporary pause in the flow of tastelessness, but a long-term cleanup.

　　【译文】 在目前我们国家历史上这个危机时刻，人们在思想中反思、祈祷、冥想。也许是我们该告诉娱乐业的时候了：我们要的不是暂时停止制作那些低级趣味的东西，而是永远清除它们。

　　78. Richard Nixon’s intense interest in sporting events was well known during his time in the White House, and it went far beyond the ceremonial events, such as throwing out the first pitch of the season for professional baseball and calling the winning team’s locker room after the Super Bowl.

　　【译文】 在入主白宫期间，理查德?尼克松对体育竞赛的浓厚兴趣是众所周知的，它远远超出了只参加一些礼节性活动，如在垒球赛季的职业比赛前投出第一个球，在超级杯比赛以后访问获胜球队的更衣室等。

　　79. He repeatedly stunned reporters, athletes, and coaches that met him with his detailed knowledge about sporting events, and made a surprise visit to a Washington Redskins practice to give the team an inspirational boost after a difficult loss.

　　【译文】 他以其对体育竞赛项目的详尽知识，一次又一次地让与他会面的记者、运动员和教练们感到惊奇。他有时出乎意料地来到Washington Redskin的训练场，给奋力拼搏但输了球的队员们打打气。

　　80. In some cases it was quite intentional, such as the effort of the White House staff to arrange a photo opportunity on the front lawn of the executive mansion with race car driver Mario Andretti, so Nixon could develop some popularity among race fans.

　　【译文】 有时这是特别有意识安排的，例如：白宫工作人员在白宫前的草坪上安排总统与赛车手马里奥?安德列蒂合影，以赢得赛车迷们的欢心。

　　81. Others were less intentional, such as his habit of attending baseball and football games and watching the game from the stands with all the other fans, presenting himself as a man of the people, rather than viewing from a luxury box with the team owner.

　　【译文】 其他活动则是无意识的，例如：他习惯到现场观看垒球和橄榄球比赛，像一个普通人一样与其他球迷一道在普通看台上观看，而不是与球队老板们一样坐在豪华包厢内观看。

　　82. Unlike his hero Theodore Roosevelt, who helped create the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) while in office, Nixon repeatedly backed away from opportunities to use the prestige of his office to have an influence in the world of sport, such as preventing the relocation of the Washington Senators baseball team to the Dallas Ft. Worth area. He did, however, attempt to use sport as venue to shape cultural values.

　　【译文】 西奥多?罗斯福总统是他崇拜的人物，在执政期间帮助创立了全国大学生体育协会。与罗斯福不一样的是：尼克松多次拒绝利用总统威望来影响体育界的机会。但是，他的确想将体育运动当做树立文化价值观的手段。

　　83. While the percentage of the world’s population living on less than $1 per day has

　　fallen from 28.3% to 24.0% between 1987 and 1998, population growth (815million) has kept the absolute number of poor steady at some 1.2 billion.

　　【译文】 虽然世界上每天靠不到一美元生活的人的比例在1997～1998年间从28.3%下降到24%，人口的增长(8.15亿)使穷人的绝对数量保持在12亿左右。

　　84. Nor do World Bank projections lend undivided hope for the future. Under the “business as usual" scenario, the number of poor on the $1 per day scale will not change during the projection period up to 2008.

　　【译文】 世界银行的预测数字也没有给未来带来毫无争议的希望。如果现在的经济形势“保持不变”，每日靠一美元生活的人的数量到2008年在预测的时段内将不会改变。

　　85. However, should policy measures be taken to boost economic growth and make the growth process more inclusive to the poor, the World Bank reckons that 500 million people could be brought out of extreme poverty by 2008.

　　【译文】 但是，如果制定政策措施促进经济的发展，使经济的增长更多地涵盖到贫困人口，世界银行预测，到2008年，5亿人口可能摆脱极度贫困状态。

　　86. Indeed, such concerns have been vented with increasing frustration, including at the Ministerial Conference of the WTO in Seattle last year, and more recently at the joint spring meeting of the IMF and the World Bank.

　　【译文】 事实上，人们越来越多地以沮丧的心情表达这样的担心，无论是在去年西雅图的世界贸易组织部长级会议上，还是在最近世界货币基金组织和世界银行的春季联席会议上。

　　87. One problem facing governments in poverty stricken countries, civil society, and international organizations is that poverty is a multidimensional problem with no simple solution — not least because of its sheer scale.

　　【译文】 贫困国家政府、文明社会和国际组织面临的一个问题是：贫困是一个多方面的问题，没有简单的解决方案——由于涉及面广更是如此。

　　88. The causes and expressions of poverty are not the same everywhere, although some common terms can often be found, including a lack of access to education, basic health care, and unequal distribution of productive assets (land, livestock, credits, etc.).

　　【译文】 造成贫困的原因和贫困的表现形式各地不尽相同，虽然我们经常可能从中找出一些基本特征，如教育落后、基本医疗条件缺乏、生产资料(如土地、牲畜、信用等)分配不均等。

　　89. The existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented, and policy makers and responsible employers are particularly sensitive to the plight of the black female employee on the theory that she is doubly the victim of discrimination.

　　【译文】 大量文献证明，就业中存在着种族和性别歧视;政策的制定者和有责任心的雇主对黑人女职员的境遇特别敏感，因为，从理论上来说，她们遭受着双重歧视。

　　90. Moreover, State distribution of residence is important because blacks are overrepresented in the South, where wage rates are typically lower than elsewhere and where racial differentials in income are greater.

　　【译文】 而且，居住在哪个州也很重要，因为南部黑人比例大，工资通常比其他地方低，种族之间的收入差别较大。

　　91. Recently, there have been some imaginative attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon which are lower in cost than high-quality single crystals; but to date the efficiencies of these apparently lower-cost materials have been unacceptably small.

　　【译文】 最近，有些人试图研制多晶硅和带状硅，这些材料比高质单晶硅成本小，但是，迄今为止，这些成本明显小的材料的效能低得不实用。

　　92. Although many scientists were aware of the very low cost of amorphous solar cells, they felt that they could never be manufactured with the efficiencies necessary to contribute significantly to the demand for electric power.

　　【译文】 许多科学家虽然已经认识到非晶硅太阳能电池的低成本，但是他们也感到，要生产出这样的电池并使之产生足够的功效、在很大程度上满足对电能的需要，是不可能的。

　　93. Already, solar cells with efficiencies well above 6 percent have been developed using amorphous materials, and further research will doubtlessly find even less costly amorphous materials with higher efficiencies.

　　【译文】 用非结晶体材料研制的太阳能电池的使用功效已经远远超过6%，未来的研究必将找出成本更低的但功效更高的非结晶体材料。

　　94. This imaginary task gives some idea of the challenge facing biologists in the United States and elsewhere as they embark on a monumental project: deciphering all the coded information in the human genome, all the genes in a human cell.

　　【译文】 美国和世界各地的生物学家面临一项重大工程的挑战，这个假想的任务使人们对这个挑战的强度获得一些认识，这个挑战就是：破译人体基因组中的编码信息。

　　95. They predict that a complete understanding of the human genetic code would provide untold benefits for humanity, for example, those abilities to diagnose, cure, and eventually prevent many diseases caused by faulty genes.

　　【译文】 他们预计，对人体基因编码的全面认识将给人类带来无法言喻的利益，例如，使人类能够诊断、治疗并最终预防基因缺陷造成的很多疾病。

　　96. Not only has the Government refused to consult with the people of Australia on this issue of prohibition of free communication between individuals, they have also refused to consult with industry, and ignored all technical evidence and reports on the issues.

　　【译文】 在禁止人们之间的自由交流这个问题上，澳大利亚政府不仅没有征求其人民的意见，也没有征求产业界的意见，对这方面的技术论据和报告都置若罔闻。

　　97. And not only is it technically impossible to censor current content of the Internet, but the Internet is set to explode exponentially in the indefinite future, with there being literally millions of changes and additions to web content on a daily basis.

　　【译文】 而且，不仅从技术上无法审查因特网目前的内容，而且因特网的设立意味着信息内容在未来会以指数激增，每天改变或增加的网络信息内容简直将达几百万条。

　　98. In order to make economic development agreements more attractive to investors, some developing countries have attempted to strengthen the security of such agreements, specifying that the agreements will be governed by “general principles of law recognized by civilized nations"—a set of legal principles or rules shared by the world’s major legal systems.

　　【译文】 为了使经济开发协议对投资者更具吸引力，有些发展中国家企图提高协议的安全性，规定这些协议受“文明国家公认的总法律原则”的约束，这些原则由世界几个主要法律体系所共有的一套原则和规范组成。

　　99. Moreover, even in the case of administrative contracts, French law requires that in the event that the government modifies the terms of the contract on its own side, it must compensate the contractor for any increased burden resulting from the government’s action.

　　【译文】 而且，即使在行政合同中，法国的法律要求：如果政府单方面更改合同条款，它要承担由此增加的负担，向签订合同方做出赔偿。

　　100. In both the United States and the United Kingdom, government contracts are governed by the ordinary law of contracts, with the result that the government can reserve the power to modify or terminate a contract on its own side only by writing such power into the contract.

　　【译文】 在美国和英国，政府合同受普通合同法的约束，因此，政府只能通过将自己的权力写进合同的方式，来保留单方面更改或终止合同的权力。

　　►翻译小技巧

　　翻译过程中包括两个阶段：正确理解和充分表达。理解是表达的前提，而表达是理解的目的和结果，二者缺一不可，因此，考生在做英译汉部分试题时：

　　1、切记不可急躁，一定要先通读全句，把握主旨、内容；

　　2、首先要在语义上理清全句的整体意思和每个单词的意思；其次要分析清楚句子结构，理出句群，找出各分句之间的关系；

　　3、可考虑先打一份翻译草稿，再根据文章意义和汉语结构进行调整。

　　英语中一词多义的现象十分普遍，且英汉词典中给出的汉语解释未必全面，未必与英文的意思完全对等。

　　这就给我们带来两方面的问题：

　　其一，我们需要根据该多义词在其语言环境中的词类、搭配关系甚至是单复数形式来确定其基本意思；

　　其二，在"忠实"的原则下，如果词典上的释义显得不"通顺"，那么为了"忠实"与"通顺"的统一，我们必须立足于原意，对其加以适当的引申。

　　选择词义的时候，要根据词在句中的词类及上下文的搭配关系来确定。

　　►英译汉中常考短语和句型：

　　1、not that…but that… 不是……而是

　　2、can not…too… 再……也不过分

　　3、other than 除了，不同于

　　4、It is reported / asserted / believed / considered / said /supposed that… 据报道/据宣称/据说/据假设

　　5、nothing less than 完全是，不亚于……

　　6、anything but 根本不，绝不

　　7、nothing but 只有，不过......而已

　　8、all but 除了

　　9、but for 如果没有

　　10、but that+从句 要不是

　　11、only to+动词 结果是，不料

　　12、not so much…as… 与其说……不如说

　　13、not so much as 甚至不……

　　14、not nearly/far from 不近/远

　　15、by no means (同义短语还有：in no way，in no case, in no respects, at no time, on no account, under no circumstance) 决不

　　16、to say nothing of/ still less(常用于否定句后) 更不必说

　　17、let alone 更不用提

　　18、no more…than… 同……一样不……

　　19、no more than 只只，仅是

　　20、more…than…

　　21、more than 超出

　　22、no less…than 多达…;足足有…之多

　　23、no less than 没有比…更少;至少与…一样

　　24、apart from 分离

　　25、no choice but 别无选择，只有……

　　（实习小编：咕咚）