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2013年考研英语语法精解:复合句(9)

考研英语  时间: 2019-03-08 16:59:04  作者: 匿名 
10. 定语从句的先行词为下述情况时,关系代词用that
(1)先行词为代词all, everything, something, nothing, anything或用作名词的little,much或先行词前有only,any,no时。
例句: Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by momenttomoment joy, we should consider being happy as a pasttense condition. (选自2011年Text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句,冒号后面的内容是对前面内容的解释。其中,that can be measured by momenttomoment joy是一个定语从句,修饰something;Rather than concluding that... 是一个介词短语作状语,修饰整个句子Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness,either happy or miserable在句中作宾语补足语。
译文: 森尼尔并没有对“孩子会让父母感到幸福还是痛苦”作出定论,而是建议我们需要重新定义幸福:不应该把它看成可用快乐的瞬间来衡量的东西,而应将其视为一种过去式状态。
例句: To paraphrase 18thcentury statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”(选自2003年Text 2)
分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为all that is needed for...is that..., that is needed for...是修饰all的定语从句。
译文: 18世纪的政治家爱德蒙·伯克的意思是说:“错的事情之所以得逞就是因为好人不作为。”
例句: Equally,in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. (选自2005年Text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句,that could claim real liveliness是修饰the only form的定语从句。
译文: 同样,在诗歌领域,唯一能够具有真正活力的就是那种高度个人化和富有表现力的文学形式。
(2)先行词为序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。
例句: He is the most educated man(that)I have ever encountered in my block.
分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句(that)I have ever encountered...修饰man。
译文: 他是我在小区里曾经遇到的最有学识的人。
例句: The first thing (that) he immediately must do is to return to school.
分析: 该句是复合句,其中主句部分为The first thing is to return to school,定语从句(that)he immediately must do修饰thing。
译文: 他必须马上做的首要事情就是返校。
(3)先行词是两个不同性质的词,一个指人,一个指物时。
例句: The man and his achievements that the newspaper covered are greatly admired by the teachers and students alike.
分析: 该句是复合句,that the newspaper covered是一个定语从句,在句中修饰the man and his achievements。
译文: 报纸上所报道的那个人和他的事迹令师生大为钦佩。
(4)先行词表示确切时间(time,day)、距离(distance)、方向(direction)、倍数(times)、方式(way)。这里只举例说明确切时间(time,day)用that引导,当其余各词充当先行词时,选用关系代词that引导定语从句,关键还在于that后不是一个完整句子(这是判断关系代词与关系副词的标准)。
例句: My mother will forever remember those beautiful days(that) they spent together in the factory.
分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句that they...in the factory中,先行词为beautiful days表时间,理应用关系副词when,但由于先行词又作spent的宾语,所以只能用关系代词which或that,又因those beautiful days是一确切时间,所以选用that。
译文: 我母亲将永远铭记她们一起在工厂度过的那些美好的日子。例句:My mathematical teacher has been transferred from a town where nobody knows.(×)
分析: 句中a town作knows的宾语,所以不能用关系副词where,因为关系副词在句中作状语,所以应用关系代词that或which引导,也可省略,故上句应改为:My mathematical teacher has been transferred from a town(which/that) nobody knows.
译文: 我的数学老师是从一个没有人知道的城镇调来的。
注意: There is an apparent reason why he was not in the village when the fire broke out.(×)
分析: 由于该句中定语从句的先行词为reason,所以选用关系副词why,况且其后是一个完整句子,众所周知,定语从句和先行词关系是修饰关系,但在该句中定语从句why he was not in the village和先行词reason无语法上的修饰关系,而是彼此解释、平行关系,所以该句是同位语从句,故把why改成that。
译文: 很明显,火灾发生时他不在村里。
注意: 如果先行词是表示时间的词未必用when引导,先行词是表示地点的词未必用where引导,先行词是表示原因的词,也未必用why引导,关键要弄清先行词与定语从句的关系,以及前面提到的关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句的区别。

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