Section Ⅰ Use of English

Directions：

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

In their quest to build profitable and more far-reaching digital audiences, publishers in the US and Europe have turned to the world’s largest 1 network for help. Nine media organisations, 2 the BBC through its youth-oriented Newsbeat service, the Guardian and the New York Times, have 3 a deal with Facebook to publish some of their 4directly through the social network rather than 5 hosting it on their own sites as part of a trial.

The 6 comes as increasing numbers of readers rely on the social network as the main site 7 which they receive news. Facebook wants not only to 8 users to news sites 9 to be the place where they stay and consume it, too. Facebook already 10 nearly 20 per cent of the Guardian’s web traffic, excluding visits to its own apps, and about 15 per cent of 11to the New York Times site.

The Facebook deal follows complaints by some 12 that internet groups such as Google and Facebook 13 their own online businesses. Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp, 14 , a critic of Google and Facebook, is not participating. Others have 15 concern that Facebook would have too much power 16 which stories appear and where they are placed.

Facebook said the 17 would give publishers “control over their stories, brand experience and profit opportunities”, including 18 to some user data. Online sharing of news articles has already 19 some readers away from publishers’ 20 pages towards social media sites.

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

There were some consistent patterns among the heavier readers: For the younger children— ages 6 to 11—being read aloud to regularly and having restricted online time were correlated with frequent reading; for the older children—ages 12 to 17—one of the largest predictors was whether they had time to read on their own during the school day.

The finding about reading aloud to children long after toddlerhood may come as a surprise to some parents who read books to children at bedtime when they were very young but then tapered off. Last summer, the American Academy of Pediatrics announced a new policy recommending that all parents read to their children from birth.

“A lot of parents assume that once kids begin to read independently, that now that is the best thing for them to do,” said Maggie McGuire, the vice president for a website for parents operated by Scholastic. But reading aloud through elementary school seemed to be connected to a love of reading generally. According to the report, 41 percent of frequent readers ages 6 to 10 were read aloud to at home, while only 13 percent of infrequent readers were being read to.

Of course, children who love to read are generally immersed in households with lots of books and parents who like to read. So while parents who read to their children later in elementary school may encourage those children to become frequent readers on their own, such behavior can also result from “a whole constellation of other things that goes on in those families,” said Timothy Shanahan, a past president of the International Reading Association.

There is not yet strong research that connects reading aloud at older ages to improved reading

comprehension. But some literacy experts said that when parents or teachers read aloud to children even after they can read themselves, the children can hear more complex words or stories than they might tackle themselves.

“It’s this idea of marinating children in higher-level vocabulary,” said Pam Allyn, founder of LitWorld.Org, a nonprofit group that works to increase literacy among young people. “The read-aloud can really lift the child.” Other literacy experts say the real value of reading to children is helping to develop background knowledge in all kinds of topics as well as exposure to sophisticated

language.

21. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that _______.

[A] the younger children and the older children have the same reading patterns

[B] for the younger children, being read aloud regularly is good to their school days

[C] for the older children, having time to read independently is very important

[D] for the older children, having restricted online time is good to develop reading habits

22. The phrase “tapered off” (Para. 2) probably means_______.

[A] stopped halfway

[B] declined gradually

[C] turned off

[D] read occasionally

23. The author mentions “ the report” in Paragraph 3 to show that _______.

[A] reading aloud through elementary school is related to children’s reading habits

[B] Maggie McGuire’s viewpoint is wrong

[C] many parents think that children read independently is the best thing

[D] there is little difference between frequent readers and infrequent readers

24. Which of the following is NOT true according to Paragraphs 4-5?

[A] Children who like to read are usually influenced by parents.

[B] The family atmosphere is crucial to children’s reading behavior.

[C] No obvious evidence proves reading aloud at older ages can strengthen reading comprehension.

[D] Some literacy experts believe there is no significance to read aloud for older children.

25. Pam Allyn argues that the advantage of read-aloud is that _______.

[A] it can enlarge children’s vocabulary

[B] it can really improve children’s reading ability

[C] it’s helpful to enrich children’s knowledge

[D] it’s beneficial for children to understand sophisticated language

Text 2

Women have been driving yellow cabs in New York since the 1940s, but 99% of drivers are male. Even among drivers of cars booked by phone or online, only 4% are women. That may change with the launch of SheTaxis, an app that lets female passengers insist on female drivers, and vice versa.

It will be available in New York City, Westchester and Long Island, and the firm plans to

expand to other cities. Stella Mateo, the founder, is betting that quite a few women are nervous and weary of getting into cars driven by men. The service may also appeal to those whose religious beliefs forbid them to travel with unrelated men. Each driver wears a pink pashmina. Men who ask for a ride will be directed to another car service.

Similar services thrive in India, South Africa and several Middle Eastern cities. Japan has had women-only railway carriages on and off since 1912. Known as hana densha (flower trains), they offer shelter from the gropers who make rush hour in Tokyo so disagreeable.

But SheTaxis faces two speed bumps. One is practical. Demand has been so great that the firm has had to decelerate its launch until it can recruit 500 drivers. The other obstacle is legal. By employing only female drivers, SheTaxis is obviously discriminating against men. Since anti-discrimination law is not always applied with common sense, that may be illegal. And there is no shortage of potential litigants. Yellow cabbies are furious at the growth of online taxi firms such as Uber. “It’s not hard to imagine a guy ... filing suit,” says Sylvia Law of New York University Law School. “SheTaxis’ defence would probably be that its drivers are all independent contractors.”

Because the firm caters only to women, it is discriminating against male customers, too. Is that legal? Angela Cornell of Cornell Law School thinks there could be a loophole. New York’s Human Rights Commission could make an exemption on the ground that SheTaxi offers a service that is in the public interest: women feel safer not getting into cars with strange men. Women-only colleges are allowed, so why not women-only cabs? The snag is that some men may also feel safer getting into cabs with female drivers. A study in 2010 found that 80% of crashes in New York City that kill

or seriously injure pedestrians involve male drivers. Women drivers are simply better.

26. We can learn from the first paragraph that SheTaxis _______.

[A] will increase women driving yellow cabs

[B] will change the market of booking taxis online

[C] allows female drivers to only choose female passengers

[D] lets male passengers insist on male drivers

27. It can be inferred that the service of SheTaxis may appeal to_______.

[A] women who are nervous about taxi drivers

[B] women with certain religious beliefs

[C] women who are tired of taking taxis

[D] men who ask for a ride

28. The word “gropers” (Para. 3) probably refers to_______.

[A] people who cause a traffic jam

[B] men who make sexual harassment to women

[C] men who cause the rush hour in Tokyo

[D] people who make taking trains disagreeable

29. If SheTaxis is accused of discriminating against men, it may_______.

[A] decelerate its launch as an online taxi firm

[B] employ both male and female drivers

[C] make anti-discrimination law not applicable

[D] spring to the defence of its drivers

30. SheTaxis may be exempt from illegality by New York ’s Human Rights Commission because_______.

[A] its service provided is based on the public interest

[B] it discriminates against male passengers

[C] it provides service also for male passengers

[D] it decreases crashes caused by male drivers

Text 3

Psychologists have known for a century that individuals vary in their cognitive ability. But are some groups, like some people, reliably smarter than others? In order to answer that question. we grouped 697 volunteer participants into teams of two to five members. Each team worked together to complete a series of short tasks, which were selected to represent the varied kinds of problems that groups are called upon to solve in the real world. One task involved logical analysis, another brainstorming; others emphasized coordination, planning and moral reasoning.

Individual intelligence, as psychologists measure it, is defined by its generality: People with good vocabularies, for instance, also tend to have good math skills, even though we often think of those abilities as distinct. The results of our studies showed that this same kind of general intelligence also exists for teams. On average, the groups that did well on one task did well on the others, too. In other words, some teams were simply smarter than others.

We found the smartest teams were distinguished by three characteristics. First, their members contributed more equally to the team’s discussions, rather than letting one or two people dominate the group. Second, their members scored higher on a test called Reading the Mind in the Eyes, which measures how well people can read complex emotional states from images of faces with only the eyes visible. Finally, teams with more women outperformed teams with more men. This last effect, however, was partly explained by the fact that women, on average, were better at “mindreading” than men.

In a new study, we replicated these earlier findings. We randomly assigned each of 68 teams to complete our collective intelligence test in one of two conditions. Half of the teams worked face to face. The other half worked online, with no ability to see any of their teammates. We wanted to see whether groups that worked online would still demonstrate collective intelligence, and whether social ability would matter as much when people communicated purely by typing messages into a browser.

And they did. Online and off, some teams consistently worked smarter than others. More surprisingly, the most important ingredients for a smart team remained constant regardless of its mode of interaction: members who communicated a lot, participated equally and possessed good emotion-reading skills.

31. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that________ .

[A] some groups are really smarter than others

[B] the 697 volunteer participants need to complete a series of short tasks together

[C] the selected short tasks must have practical significance

[D] logical analysis and brainstorming are important in each task

32. According to psychologists, individual intelligence________ .

[A] is characterized by generality [B] is related to math skills

[C] is not related to teams [D] is key to smarter teams

33. According to the author, the characteristics of smarter teams include all the following EX-

CEPT________ .

[A] The members have relatively equal contribution to the team’s discussions

[B] The members have a higher IQ

[C] The members have a stronger ability of reading complex facial expressions

[D] There are more female members than other teams

34. In a new study, the other half of people work online because________ .

[A] it’s necessary to ensure the accuracy of the experiment

[B] online collaboration is becoming more and more important

[C] the experimenters want to see whether collective intelligence will be showed

[D] the experimenters want to prove social ability is vital to every team

35. The best title for the passage may be________ .

[A] How to Develop a Smarter Team

[B] Why Some Teams Are Smarter Than Others

[C] The Characteristics of Smarter Team

[D] What Factors can Affect a Team

Text 4

Over the weekend, NASA’s newest Mars rover, the Curiosity, which landed early on Aug. 6 after an eight-month flight, started sending back a 360-degree high-resolution panorama of its surroundings.

At a news conference on Wednesday, John P. Grotzinger, a professor of geology at the Califor- nia Institute of Technology who serves as the mission’s project scientist, compared the view with a place just a few hours’ drive from Pasadena, Calif, and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the rover’s birthplace. “You would really be forgiven for thinking that NASA was trying to pull a fast one on you,” he said, “and we actually put a rover out in the Mojave Desert and took a picture—a little L.A.(Los Angeles) smog coming in there.” He added, “To a certain extent, the first impression you get is how Earth-like it seems.”

Where the Curiosity actually sits is a 96-mile-wide crater named Gale near the Martian equator. To the north, the images show part of the crater rim that is believed to have been eroded by flowing water. To the south is a 3.4-mile-high peak that the scientists call Mount Sharp, which Curiosity is meant to reach and to climb. By investigating the layers of sedimentary rock on Mount Sharp, mis-

sion scientists hope to reconstruct the climate and environment of early Mars and tell whether it could have been once been habitable for life.

The photos also show marks that Curiosity has made at the landing site. As Curiosity was lowered to the surface of Mars, blasts from the descent-stage engines created indentations in the nearby soil, exposing the bedrock below. This exposed bedrock is likely to be one of the first areas of scientific exploration on the rover’s planned two-year journey.

After the flawless landing, the first week of operations of the rover on the ground also proceeded almost perfectly, too, as engineers started checking out the rover’s system, deployed the high-gain antenna, and raised the mast that holds the cameras.

So far, no significant trouble has arisen. The weather instrument experienced a problem that engineers figured out a day later. The rover’s internal temperatures are slightly warmer than expected, possibly because the crater is warmer than predicted or because NASA’s computer models of Curiosity were not quite right. Worries about overheating could put constraints on when certain instruments can be used. But the heat is also a boon, reducing the energy Curiosity needs to

warm up its joints and wheels before moving.

36. The phrase “pull a fast” (Para. 2) most probably means ________.

[A] hasten [B] conceal [C] deceive [D] beautify

37. Where is the rover Curiosity’s real location?

[A] In the middle Mojave Desert near its birthplace in the US.

[B] To the south of crater Gale that is near the Martian equator.

[C] Near the Martian equator which is eroded by flowing water.

[D] On top of a 3.4-mile-high peak which used to be habitable.

38. It can be inferred from the passage that the rover’s investigation________ .

[A] is likely to start with the study of the rocks on Mars

[B] is determined on the reconstruction of the climate on Mars

[C] started immediately after the rover’s perfect landing

[D] can only begin after a week’s preparation on the ground

39. What caused the rover’s unexpected warmer internal temperature?

[A] A minor problem of the weather instrument.

[B] Problems of NASA’s computer models of Curiosity.

[C] The impact on the rover during landing.

[D] Overheating of certain instrument in the rover.

40. What is the main idea of the passage?

[A] How earthlike the surface of Mars is. [B] The success landing of Curiosity.

[C] NASA’s achievement in investigating Mars. [D] How far the mission of Curiosity has gone.

Part B

Directions:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

[A] All in all, the numbers suggest that aging is simply different in the active.

[B] As it turned out, the cyclists did not show their age. On almost all measures, their physical functioning remained fairly stable across the decades and was much closer to that of young adults than of people their age. As a group, even the oldest cyclists had younger people’s levels of balance, reflexes, metabolic health and memory ability.

[C] Active older people resemble much younger people physiologically, according to a new study of the effects of exercise on aging. The findings suggest that many of our expectations about the inevitability of physical decline with advancing years may be incorrect and that how we age is, to a large degree, up to us. Aging remains a surprisingly mysterious process. A wealth of past scientific research has shown that many bodily and cellular processes change in undesirable ways as we grow older. But science has not been able to establish definitively whether such changes result primarily from the passage of time or result at least in part from lifestyle.

[D] This conundrum is particularly true in terms of inactivity. Older people tend to be quite sedentary nowadays, and being sedentary affects health, making it difficult to separate the effects of not moving from those of getting older. In the new study, which was published this week in The Journal of Physiology, scientists at King’s College London and the University of Birmingham in England decided to use a different approach. They removed inactivity as a factor in their study of aging by looking at the health of older people who move quite a bit.

[E] The scientists then ran each volunteer through a large array of physical and cognitive tests. The scientists determined each cyclist’s endurance capacity, muscular mass and strength, pedaling power, metabolic health, balance, memory function, bone density and reflexes. The researchers compared the results of cyclists in the study against each other and also against standard benchmarks of supposedly normal aging. If a particular test’s numbers were similar among the cyclists of all ages, the researchers considered, then that measure would seem to be more dependent on activity than on age.

[F] To accomplish that goal, the scientists recruited 85 men and 41 women aged between 55 and 79 who bicycle regularly. The volunteers were all serious recreational riders but not competitive athletes. The men had to be able to ride at least 62 miles in six and a half hours and the women 37 miles in five and a half hours, benchmarks typical of a high degree of fitness in older people.

[G] Some aspects of aging did, however, prove to be ineluctable. The oldest cyclists had less muscular power and mass than those in their 50s and early 60s and considerably lower overall aerobic capacities. Age does seem to reduce our endurance and strength to some extent, Dr.Harridge said, even if we exercise. But even so, both of those measures were higher among the oldest cyclists than would be considered average among people aged 70 or above.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Suppose you accept the persuasive data that inequality has been rising in the United States and most advanced nations in recent decades. But suppose you don’t want to fight inequality through politically polarizing steps like higher taxes on the wealthy or a more generous social welfare system.

(46) There remains a plausible solution to rising inequality that avoids those polarizing ideas: strengthening education so that more Americans can benefit from the advances of the 21st-century economy. This is a solution that conservatives, centrists and liberals alike can comfortably get behind. After all, who doesn’t favor a stronger educational system. But a new paper shows why the math just doesn’t add up, at least if the goal is addressing the gap between the very rich and everyone else.

Brad Hershbein, Melissa Kearney and Lawrence Summers offer a simple little simulation that shows the limits of education as an inequality-fighter. In short, more education would be great news for middle and lower-income Americans, increasing their pay and economic security. (47) It just isn’t up to the task of meaningfully reducing inequality, which is being driven by the sharp upward movement of the very top of the income distribution.

It is all the more interesting that the research comes from Mr. Summers, a former Treasury secretary who is hardly known as a soak-the-rich class warrior. (48) It is published by the Hamilton Project, a centrist research group operating with Wall Street funding and seeking to find third-way-style solutions to America’s problems that can unite left and right.

(49) In their simulation, they assume that 10 percent of non-college-educated men of prime working age suddenly obtained a college degree or higher, which would be an unprecedented rise in the proportion of the work force with advanced education. They assume that these more educated men go from their current pay levels to pay that is in line with current college graduates, minus an adjustment for the fact that more college grads in the work force could depress their wages a bit.

(50) “Increasing the educational attainment of men without a college degree will increase their average earnings and their likelihood of being employed,” the authors write. And even if it doesn’t do much to reduce overall inequality, they find it does reduce inequality within the bottom half of the income distribution, by increasing the earnings of those near the 25th percentile of earnings.

Section Ⅲ Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Write a letter of about 100 words to recommend your friend, Zhang Ying, who is applying for a job to teach Chinese in America.

You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter;use “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write the address. (10 points)

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) interpret its intended meaning, and

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)

答案速查

SectionⅠUseof English

总体分析

本文共有四段。第一段开篇点题：美国和欧洲的出版商向全球最大的社交网站——脸谱网求助。第二段阐述了脸谱网与出版商合作的背景。第三段讲述了出版商对与脸谱网合作带来的问题的担忧。最后一段讲脸谱网对出版商所担忧问题的回复。

试题详解

1.【参考答案】B

【试题考点】上下文语义

【答案精解】此处的句意为“为了发展有利可图和影响更广的数字受众，美国和欧洲的出版商向全球最大的网络寻求帮助”。根据上下文可知这里的网络指的是“脸谱网”,它

属于社交网站，故B.social“社交的，交际的”为正确答案。televisionnetwork“电视网站”，

datanetwork“数据网站”，shoppingnetwork“购物网站”，均不符合题意，故排除。

2.【参考答案】A

【试题考点】动词辨析

【答案精解】第一段中的第二句主要讲9家媒体组织包括哪几家以及他们是如何与脸谱网合作的。由此可知，A.including“包含”符合题意，为正确答案。involve“涉及，使参与”，一般用于被动语态。revolve“使旋转”，refer“提到;针对”，均不符合题意，故排除。

3.【参考答案】C

【试题考点】固定搭配

【答案精解】此处的句意为“包括英国广播公司、《卫报》和《纽约时报》在内的9家媒体组织与脸谱网签署了一项协议……”。strikeadeal为固定搭配，意为“达成交易/协议”，故C.struck符合题意，为正确答案。play“玩耍”，find“发现”，语义不符;draw不与deal搭配，故排除。

4.【参考答案】A

【试题考点】名词辨析

【答案精解】此处的句意为“……在内的9家媒体组织与脸谱网签署了一项协议，尝试通过后者直接发布它们的部分”。结合常识及选项，可知A.content“内容”符合题意，为正确答案。quality“质量”，theory“理论”，concept“概念”，均不符合题意，故排除。

5.【参考答案】C

【试题考点】副词辨析

【答案精解】此处的句意为“……尝试通过后者直接发布它们的部分内容，而非发布在自己的网站上”。结合上下文可知，空格处所填副词用来修饰host，并且theirownsite中的

their指的是“与脸谱网签署协议的9家媒体组织”。因此，C.simply“简单地;只不过;仅仅”符合题意，为正确答案。irregularly“不定时的;不定期的”，persistently“坚持地;固执地”,primarily“主要地;根本地”，均不符合题意，故排除。

6.【参考答案】B

【试题考点】名词辨析

【答案精解】此处主语为The，指代的是上文提到的媒体组织与脸谱网合作这件事。move作名词在此意为“举措，做法”，与题意相符，故B.move为正确答案。system“体系，系统”，mechanism“机制，机能”，merger“合并”，均不符合题意，故排除。

7.【参考答案】C

【试题考点】介词辨析

【答案精解】空格后是由which引导的定语从句，结合选项可知，此处要选一个介词，从句所修饰的先行词为site，整个从句所表达的意思为“他们通过这个网站获得新闻”。故C.through符合题意，为正确答案。by也有“用，通过”的意思，但更多的是表达“方法，手段”，故排除。as“像”，towards“朝向”，均不符合题意，故排除。

8.【参考答案】D

【试题考点】动词辨析

【答案精解】此处的句意为“脸谱网不仅希望将用户新闻网站”，pointsb.to为固定用法，意为“指引，为某人指路”，故D.point符合题意，为正确答案。turn常用结构为turntosb.意为“向某人求助”;find“发现”，figure“计算;出现”，均不符合题意，故排除。

9.【参考答案】A

【试题考点】逻辑关系

【答案精解】此处的句意为“脸谱网希望不仅能将用户导向新闻网站，还能让用户留在脸谱网进行新闻消费”。结合句意及句中的notonly可知，but符合题意，构成notonly...

but(also)...结构。故A.but为正确答案。thus“因此”，even“甚至”，then“那时”均不符合题意，故排除。

10.【参考答案】B

【试题考点】固定搭配

【答案精解】此处的句意为“脸谱网已经《卫报》网站近20%的流量”。做这个题目时，考生需要理解traffic的正确含义，traffic通常指“交通;(客、货)运输量”，本文中指“流量”。accountfor“(在数量、比例上)占”，故B.accountsfor符合题意，为正确答案。preparefor“为

……作准备”，pileon“堆积”，bringabout“带来，引起”，均不符合题意，故排除。

11.【参考答案】A

【试题考点】名词辨析+上下文语义

【答案精解】此处句意为“占《纽约时报》网站约15%的”。根据空格前nearly20percentoftheGuardian’swebtraffic的提示可知，A.traffic“流量”符合题意，为正确答案。space“空间”，revenue“收入”，staff“员工(总称)”，均不符合题意，故排除。

12.【参考答案】C

【试题考点】名词辨析+上下文语义

【答案精解】此句意为“在脸谱网与出版商合作之前，一些抱怨称，谷歌和脸谱网等互联网集团……”结合上文的publishersintheUSandEuropehaveturnedtotheworld’slargest

socialnetworkforhelp和下文提及的RupertMurdoch’sNewsCorp可知此处C.publishers

“出版社，出版者”符合题意，为正确答案。company“公司”，group“集团，团体”，association

“协会，社团”，均不如publishers具体，故排除。

13.【参考答案】B

【试题考点】动词辨析

【答案精解】此句意为“在脸谱网与出版商合作之前，一些出版商抱怨称，谷歌和脸谱网等互联网集团了他们自己的在线业务”。根据complaints可知出版商是担忧互联网集团

对他们的在线业务产生不利影响，故排除increase“增加”和strengthen“加强”。underesti-mate“低估，小看”，undermine“削弱，损害”，很明显，undermine在此处更符合题意，故B项

为正确答案。

14.【参考答案】D

【试题考点】短语辨析+上下文语义

【答案精解】此处句意为“，鲁珀特·默多克的新闻集团就对谷歌和脸谱网持批评态度，

没有参与此次协议”。结合上下文语义可知，此处是对上一句话的举例说明。故D.forex-ample符合题意，为正确答案。aboveall“首要的是，尤其”，onaverage“平均”，inprinciple“原则上，基本上”，均不符合题意，故排除。

15.【参考答案】B

【试题考点】动词辨析+上下文语义

【答案精解】结合上文的“一些出版商抱怨称……”可知此处要表达的意思为“其他出版商则表达了他们的担心”，故B.expressed符合题意，为正确答案。confirm“确认，批准”，culti-

vate“培养，改善”，offer“提供”，均不符合题意，故排除。

16.【参考答案】A

【试题考点】介词辨析

【答案精解】此处句意为“其他出版商则担心，脸谱网将新闻内容和版面拥有太多的权力”。which引导定语从句修饰power，havepoweroversth.为固定用法，意为“对……有控制

权”，故A.over符合题意，为正确答案。其他三项均无此用法，故排除。

17.【参考答案】C

【试题考点】名词辨析

【答案精解】此处句意为“脸谱网表示，将给予出版商‘对内容、品牌体验和赚钱机会的

控制权’”。结合上下文语义可知，the指的是上文提到的媒体组织与脸谱网合作这件事，选项中只有C.scheme“(政府或其他组织的)方案、计划”符合题意，因此为正确答案。article“文章;条款”，game“游戏”，agenda“议题，议程”，均不符合题意。

18.【参考答案】B

【试题考点】名词辨析+固定搭配

【答案精解】此处句意为“包括部分用户数据”。accessto为固定搭配，意为“获得，有权使用”，符合题意，故B.access为正确答案。approach“接近;方法;途径”，mode“方式，状

况”，manner“做法，方式”，均不符合题意，故排除。

19.【参考答案】D

【试题考点】动词辨析+上下文语义

【答案精解】此处句意为“在线新闻分享已经部分读者离开出版商的转向社交媒体网站”。luresb.awayfrom为固定用法，意为“引诱某人离开……”，故D.lured符合题意，

为正确答案。preventsb.from(doing)sth.“阻止某人做某事”。keepsb.awayfrom“让某人远

离”，没有“远离……再转向”的含义，不如lure准确。make无此用法，故排除。

20.【参考答案】B

【试题考点】形容词辨析

【答案精解】此处句意为“在线新闻分享已经引诱部分读者离开出版商的

转向社交媒

体网站”。根据上下文可知此处表达“出版商的网站”。homepage意为“主页”，在此指代“网站”，故B.home为正确答案。introductorypages“引导性页面”，yellowpage“公司黄页”，technologicalpages“技术页面”，均与题意不符，故排除。

重点词汇和短语

全文翻译

为了发展有利可图和影响更广的数字受众，美国和欧洲的出版商向全球最大的社交网络寻求帮助。包括英国广播公司、《卫报》和《纽约时报》在内的9家媒体组织与脸谱网签署了一项协议，尝试通过后者直接发布它们的部分内容，而非只是发布在自己的网站上。英国广播公司　是通过其面向年轻人的Newsbeat服务参与该项目的。

在脸谱网与这些出版商合作之际，越来越多的读者将社交网络作为他们获取新闻的主要渠道。脸谱网希望不仅能将用户导向新闻网站，而且还能让用户留在脸谱网进行新闻消费。脸　谱网已经占《卫报》网站近20%的流量(不包括其自身应用的访问量)，占《纽约时报》网站约15%的流量。

在脸谱网与出版商合作之前，一些出版商抱怨称，谷歌和脸谱网等互联网集团侵蚀了他们自己的在线业务。例如，鲁珀特·默多克的新闻集团就对谷歌和脸谱网持批评态度，没有参与此次协议。其他出版商则担心，脸谱网将对新闻内容和版面拥有太多的权利。

脸谱网表示，该项目将给予出版商“对内容、品牌体验和商业机会的控制权”，包括可以获得部分用户数据。在线新闻分享已经引诱部分读者离开出版商的网站，转向社交媒体网站。

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartA

Text1

总体分析

本文共有六段，重点阐述了父母大声朗读对孩子阅读习惯形成的影响。第一段开篇点题，引出阅读量较大的孩子的共同特征。第二、三、四段讲述父母大声朗读能够影响小孩阅读习惯的形成。第五段、六段探讨父母对年龄较大的孩子大声朗读产生的影响。

试题详解

21.【参考答案】C

【试题类型】推断题

【题干信息】inferred,first paragraph

【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位到第一段。根据原文

for the older children—ages 12 to 17—one of the largest predictors was whether they had time to read on their own during the school day推断出C项“对于年龄较大的孩子来说，自主阅读很重要”为正确答案，其中readindependently是对on their own的同义替换。A项“年幼的孩子和年龄较大的孩子有相同的阅读模式”是对第一句的曲解。B项“对于年幼的孩子，时常听父母大声朗读，对其学校生活有益”在第一句没有提及。D项“对于年龄较大的孩子，限制上网时间对其培养阅读习惯是有益的”属于过度推断。

22.【参考答案】B

【试题类型】含义题

【题干信息】taperedoff,(Para.2)

【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位到第二段。根据The finding about reading aloud to children long after toddlerhood may come as a surprise to some parents who read books to children at bedtime when they were very young but then tapered off.可以推断出，一些家长在孩子很小的时候，经常在睡前给他们读书，但随后逐渐减少。taper意为“逐渐减少;逐渐缩小”，taper off为固定搭配，意为“逐渐减少”，故B项为正确答案。A项“中途停下”;C项“关上，关掉”和D项“偶尔阅读”均不符合题意，故排除。

23.【参考答案】A

【试题类型】细节题

【题干信息】the report,Paragraph3

【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位到第三段。原文But reading aloud through elementary school seemed to be connected to a love of reading generally. According to the report ...，因此A项“在孩子的整个小学阶段坚持给他们朗读与孩子阅读习惯的形成有关”为正确答案。B项“玛吉·麦圭尔的观点是错的”，C项“许多父母认为看到孩子自主阅读是最好的事情”，D项“频繁阅读者与非频繁阅读者之间没有区别”均与原文不符，故排除。

24.【参考答案】D

【试题类型】细节题

【题干信息】NOTtrue,Paragraphs4-5

【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位到第四、五段。此类题目可用排除法。A项“爱读书的孩子通常会受到父母的影响”与children who love to read are generally immersed in households with lots of books and parents who like to read 相符;B项“家庭氛围对孩子的阅读行为是非常重要的”是对such behavior can also result from “a whole constellation of other things that goes on in those families”这句话的正确理解;C项“没有明显的证据证明对年龄较大的孩子大声朗读可以加强其阅读理解力”与There is not yet strong research that connects reading aloud at older ages to improved reading comprehension.相符。D项“一些识字专家认为对年龄较大的

孩子大声朗读没有意义”与第五段最后一句不符，因此为正确答案。

25.【参考答案】B

【试题类型】细节题

【题干信息】PamAllyn,read-aloud

【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位到最后一段。根据It’s this idea of marinating children in higher-level vocabulary ... The read-aloud can really lift the child.可知B项“可以真正改善孩子的阅读能力”为正确答案。A项“可以扩大孩子的词汇量”是对原文“接受更高级别词汇熏陶”的曲解。C项“有助于丰富孩子的知识”和D项“有利于孩子理解复杂的语言”属于其他专家的观点，故排除。

重点词汇和短语

全文翻译

阅读量较大的孩子呈现出一致的模式：对于年幼的孩子(6岁至11岁)来说，时常听父母大声朗读，并在限制时间内上网，与频繁阅读呈正相关;而对于年龄较大的孩子(12岁至17岁)来说，最大的预测指标之一是，他们在校期间是否有时间自主阅读。

给早已过了学步期的小孩大声朗读，竟然能够产生如此好的效果。一些家长在孩子很小的时候，经常在睡前给他们读书，但随后逐渐减少。这项发现或许会让他们感到惊讶。美国儿科研究院去年夏天宣布了一项新政策，建议所有家长在小孩出生后给他们朗读。

玛吉·麦圭尔在学乐教育集团专门为家长创建的一家网站担任副总裁。她说：“很多家长认为，一旦孩子开始独立阅读，他们就算大功告成了。”但在孩子的整个小学阶段坚持给他们朗读，似乎有助于培养其热爱读书的习惯。这份报告显示，在6岁至10岁的孩子中，41%的频繁阅读者经常在家听父母朗读，而仅有13%的非频繁阅读者在接受这种熏陶。

当然，爱读书的孩子通常来自拥有许多书籍、父母都喜欢读书的家庭。因此，尽管父母在孩子上小学高年级时坚持给他们朗读，或许有助于鼓励他们成为主动拿起书本的频繁阅读者，但这种行为也有可能源自“这些书香门第发生的其他一系列事情。”国际阅读协会前会长蒂莫西·沙纳汉说。

目前还没有强有力的研究成果显示，给较大年龄的小孩大声朗读有助于提高他们的阅读能力。但一些识字专家表示，甚至在小孩能够独立阅读之后，如果父母或老师继续给他们朗读，这些孩子就能够听到一些他们依靠自身能力还无法掌握的复杂单词或故事。

LitWorld.Org是一家致力于提高年轻人识字水平的非营利性组织，其创始人帕姆·阿林表示，“这就是让孩子接受更高级别词汇熏陶的理念。听大声朗读，真地能够提升孩子的阅读能力。”其他识字专家说，给孩子朗读不仅能够让他们接受复杂语言的熏陶，其真正的价值在于帮助他们掌握各种话题的背景知识。

Text2

总体分析

本文主要介绍一款新应用软件带来的新服务：女性专用打车服务，女司机载女乘客。全文共五段。第一段介绍此应用出现的背景。第二段介绍该应用针对的目标人群。第三段讲世界上其他地方也有此类服务。第四段讲该服务的发展面临的两大障碍。第五段讲法律方面的一些漏洞。

试题详解

26.【参考答案】C

【试题类型】推断题

【题干信息】the first paragraph, She Taxis

【答案精解】根据题干定位到第一段。原文指出That may change with the launch of SheTaxis, an app that lets female passengers insist on female drivers, and vice versa.关键是vice versa(反过来也一样)的理解。由此可知She Taxis专为女性服务，女乘客选择女司机，女司机也可以选择女乘客，因此C项为正确答案。A项“会增加开黄色出租车的女司机数量”，B项“会改变网上订车的市场”，D项“允许男乘客选择男司机”，均与原文不符。

27.【参考答案】B

【试题类型】推断题

【题干信息】the service of She Taxis may appeal to

【答案精解】根据题干定位到第二段。由原文... is betting that quite a few women are nervous and weary of getting into cars driven by men. The service may also appeal to those whose　religious beliefs forbid them to travel with unrelated men.可知B项“有某种宗教信仰的女性”为正确答案。A项“对出租车司机感到紧张的女性”，原文指的是男司机。C项“厌倦了坐出租车的女性”，是对原文的曲解。D项“要求搭车的男性”，与原文不符。

28.【参考答案】B

【试题类型】含义题

【题干信息】The word “gropers”(Para.3)

【答案精解】根据题干定位到第三段。由原文Known as hana densha (flower trains), they offer shelter from the gropers who make rush hour in Tokyo so disagreeable.可知花朵列车为女性提供了庇护所，使她们免遭gropers，那么groper肯定是对女性不利，由此推断B项“对女性进行******的男人”为正确答案。A项“引发交通堵塞的人”和C项“引起东京早高峰的男人”都是对原文的曲解。D项“使乘列车变得令人讨厌的人”没有B项精确、具体。

29.【参考答案】D

【试题类型】推断题

【题干信息】is accused of, discriminating against men

【答案精解】根据题干定位到第四段。原文指出“It’s not hard to imagine a guy ... filing suit,” “She Taxis’ defence would probably be that its drivers are all independent contractors”，由此推断，如果She Taxis因为歧视男性而被控诉的话，它将通过辩护来保护它的司机们，因此D项为正确答案。A项“减缓其作为网上出租车公司的上市脚步”，B项“男女司机都雇佣”，C项“使反性别歧视法不适用”，均与原文不符。

30.【参考答案】A

【试题类型】细节题

【题干信息】She Taxis, exempt from illegality, New York’s Human Rights Commission

【答案精解】根据题干定位到第五段。由原文New York’s Human Rights Commission could make an exemption on the ground that She Taxi offers a service that is in the public interest: women feel safer not getting into cars with strange men.可知A项“它提供的服务基于公众利益”为正确答案。B项“它歧视男乘客”，C项“它也为男乘客提供服务”，D项“它减少了由男司机引发的交通事故”，均与原文不符。

重点词汇和短语

全文翻译

虽然自20世纪40年代纽约就已经出现了开黄色出租车的女司机，但是99%的司机都是男性。就算是通过电话或网络订车，也仅有4%的女司机。不过这一情况可能因为SheTaxis这个应用软件的出现而改变。该应用坚持女性乘客配备女司机，反之亦然。

该公司将在纽约城、韦斯特切斯特以及长岛提供该服务，并计划将该服务推广至其他城市。该公司的创始人斯特拉·马特奥打赌称许多女乘客上了男司机开的出租车会很紧张并对此感到厌倦。这项服务也会受到那些有宗教信仰女士的欢迎，因为其宗教禁止她们与不相关的男性同行。SheTaxis的女司机都会穿戴粉色羊绒衫作为标志，若有男士乘车，该应用会自动将其链接到其他打车应用上。

与此类似的服务在印度、南非和众多中东城市发展迅速。日本自1912年开始就不断地推出专为女性设置的客运列车。著名的花朵列车为女性提供了庇护所，使她们免遭咸猪手，这些咸猪手使得东京的早高峰变得那么令人讨厌。