Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

It’s plain common sense? D the more happiness you feel, the less unhappiness you experience. It’s plain common sense, but it’s not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently.

People might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness, the lower their level of happiness and vice versa. But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness, they often find little relationship between the two.

The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. It suggests, for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable, but probably won’t make you any happier. That advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families. On the other hand, researchers have found happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage. The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.

Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling ?D happiness is a sense of subjective well-being. They have also begun to find out who’s happy, who isn’t and why. To date, the research hasn’t found a simple formula for a happy life, but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.

Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment? When we are happy, we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad. This doesn’t mean, however, that some people are born to be sad and that’s that. Genes may predispose one to unhappiness, but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.

1. According to the text, it is true that

[A] unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.

[B] happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.

[C] unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.

[D] happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.

2. The author argues that one can achieve happiness by

[A] maintaining it at an average level.

[B] escaping miserable occurrences in life.

[C] pursuing it with one’s painstaking effort.

[D] realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.

3. The phrase “To date” (Par.4) can be best replaced by

[A] As a result.[B] In addition.[C] At present.[D] Until now.

4. What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?

[A] One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.

[B] They are independent but existing concurrently

[C] One feels happy by participating in more activities.

[D] They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.

5. The sentence “That’s that” (Par. 5) probably means: Some people are born to be sad

[A] and the situation cannot be altered.

[B] and happiness remains inaccessible.

[C] but they don’t think much about it.

[D] but they remain unconscious of it.

Text 2

The legal limit for driving after drinking alcohol is 80 milligrams of alcohol in 100 millilitres of blood, when tested. But there is no sure way of telling how much you can drink before you reach this limit. It varies with each person depending on your weight, your sex, if you’ve just eaten and what sort of drinks you’ve had. Some people might reach their limit after only about three standard drinks.

In fact, your driving ability can be affected by just one or two drinks. Even if you’re below the legal limit, you could still be taken to court if a police officer thinks your driving has been affected by alcohol.

It takes about an hour for the body to get rid of the alcohol in one standard drink. So, if you have a heavy drinking in the evening you might find that your driving ability is still affected the next morning, or you could even find that you’re still over the legal limit. In addition, if you’ve had a few drinks at lunchtime, another one or two drinks in the early evening may well put you over the legal limit.

In a test with professional drivers, the more alcoholic drinks they had had, the more certain they were that they could drive a test course through a set of movable posts... and the less able they were to do it!

So the only way to be sure you’re safe is not to drink at all.

Alcohol is a major cause of road traffic accidents. One in three of the drivers killed in road accidents have levels of alcohol which are over the legal limit, and road accidents after drinking are the biggest cause of death among young men. More than half of the people stopped by the police to take a breath test have a blood alcohol concentration of more than twice the legal limit.

It is important to remember that driving after you’ve been drinking doesn’t just affect you. If you’re involved in an accident it affects a lot of other people as well, not least the person you might kill or injure.

6. The amount of alcohol a driver can drink within the legal limit is

[A] about 80mg of pure alcohol.

[B] about three standard drinks.

[C] in proportion to his weight.

[D] varying with different people.

7. You might be accused of drunk driving when

[A] you drive upon having some drinks.

[B] you become a helpless alcohol addict.

[C] your driving is found abnormal for drinking.

[D] your alcohol percentage fails the test.

8. A test showed that drunken professional drivers could

[A] have greater confidence than sober ones.

[B] move away a set of posts on the test ground.

[C] fail in the test despite their self-affirmation.

[D] serve as alarming examples to potential drivers.

9. Alcohol is the major cause of traffic accidents because

[A] more than 30% road casualties are drink drivers.

[B] drinking affects people’s mind and emotion.

[C] about one-third drivers are used to drinking.

[D] young drivers are familiar among traffic victims.

10. About drink driving, the author warns you of the fact that you

[A] may be taken to court by the police.

[B] are putting yourself in danger.

[C] may hurt or kill another driver.

[D] are setting other people at risk.

Text 3

There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.

In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transaction may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.

An alternative for the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts (orders) or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.

In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition; every person’s place within the economic system is fixed by parentage(origin), religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste(social class) may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant (unchanging) society may result.

11. The main purpose of the text is to

[A] interpret the essence of general economics.

[B] compare barter and cash-exchange markets.

[C] outline contrasting types of economic systems.

[D] argue for the superiority of a certain economy.

12. The word “real” in “real goods”(Par.2) could best be replaced by

[A] genuine.[B] concrete.[C] durable.[D] practical.

13. According to the text, a barter economy may lead to

[A] unfair transaction.[B] direct conflicts.

[C] gradual deflation.[D] trading troubles.

14. In an administered system, business activities are under the direction of

[A] major economic organizations.[B] general public advisory body.

[C] large commercial companies.[D] certain official departments.

15. All of the following are mentioned as factors determining one’s place in a traditional society EXCEPT

[A] family background.[B] age and education.

[C] religious beliefs.[D] established experience.

Text 4

It’s possible that while you are at work, you may dream about a month of Sundays, but your boss wishes for a week of Tuesday. That’s because she/he probably knows that productivity is one of the main factors bolstering (supporting) a company’s growth. And a recent poll shows that workers are most productive on Tuesdays!

Accountemps, an employment agency, conducted a national survey of office managers, which shows that by the middle of the week, they see a dramatic productivity decrease. While Monday is considered second in “productivity value,” only nine percent of office managers think Wednesday is the peak productivity day. Five percent believe it is Thursday. And Friday, well, you can just imagine! However, forty-eight percent of the managers polled said that Tuesday is, by far, the most productive day of the week.

A close analysis of workweek rhythms would turn up some obvious reasons for those survey results. First of all, Monday is overloaded with meetings, designed to “get things moving,” and everybody knows meetings aren’t very productive. Wednesday is “hump day”(驼峰日) ?D get over it as painlessly as possible, a worker thinks, and the week is more than halfway over. On Thursday, people are running out of steam; and Friday, everybody’s thinking about the weekend. There are reasons why the other days aren’t productive, but what makes Tuesday special?

Tuesdays, employees hit peak performance because they are very focused on day-to-day activities. Also, it’s usually the first day of the week when they’re focused on their own task. They’re not in meetings that take them away from their primary responsibilities. Actually, Tuesdays can be quite hectic (full of excitement and without rest). Workers are arriving at work fairly frantic (wildly excited). And so, in 10 hours, they’re doing 20-hour work. That’s productive, but it’s also tough.

This does not mean that nothing happens on the last three days of the workweek. Things do not get so lax that people are sitting with their feet on desks, sipping coffee and talking on the phone all day, but there’s a definite lack of focus. The pace softens and the rhythm slows down. And this is not healthy: it produces fatigue and lowers productivity. To prevent this midweek slowdown, some management consultants suggest that employers avoid jamming so many meetings into Mondays. Work deadlines can be rescheduled to stretch out the workflow. Variations in productivity are only natural, but both workers and bosses win when the peaks and valleys are less dramatic than they are now.

16. According to the poll, which of the following days is most productive?

[A] Thursday.[B] Friday.[C] Monday.[D] Wednesday.

17. The peak productivity day of the week is marked by

[A] violent excitement and activity.

[B] due enthusiasm and creativity.

[C] hurried and disordered movement.

[D] full concentration and efficiency.

18. The word “lax” in the last paragraph means

[A] usually negligible.[B] lacking in control.

[C] totally distractive.[D] worthy of relaxing.

19. With respect to the changes in productivity, the text suggests that

[A] work deadlines can be readjusted.

[B] they are reasonable and expectable.

[C] Monday meetings may be called off.

[D] their differences are to be minimized.

20. The author has explained all of the following EXCEPT

[A] the steps taken to alter workweek rhythms.

[B] the productivity on the 6th day of the week.

[C] the reason why midweek slowdown takes place.

[D] the concern bosses have about low productivity.

Part B

Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about marketing strategies. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A ?D F for each numbered paragraph (21 ?D 25). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] Which marketing tactic must an entity take?

[B] Quality first, competition second

[C] Exemplify offensive measures

[D] Complex factors cause due market analysis

[E] The motive for proceeds also functions

[F] Strategy varies with external conditions

There are three general marketing strategies that an organization can adopt.

21.The first is an aggressive strategy, characterized by generating a great deal of promotion, varying prices, changing the times and places at which the products/services are offered, differentiating the products/services from those of competing organizations, hiring creative salespersons to promote the products/services, spending lots of money on marketing activities, and so forth.

22.The second general marketing strategy is a minimal one, characterized by doing very little promotion, pricing below market, offering services at traditional places and times, spending very little money on promotion and salespersons, and so forth. The third is a balanced marketing strategy, an in-between strategy that differs from an aggressive strategy and a minimal strategy only in degree. These three strategies are appropriate alternatives for any organization. However, not every organization needs an aggressive strategy, nor does every organization need a balanced strategy or a minimal one. The situation facing each entity is obviously different, calling for an analysis of the factors that dictate which of the three alternative strategies is most suitable for each organization.

23.The first major factor is the nature of the market competition facing the organization. If it is in a monopoly position, with no direct competitors in its market area, then a minimal marketing strategy is suitable. However, if the organization is in an oligopoly market position, with a few competitors in its market area, then a balanced marketing strategy is called for. If there is a high degree of competition and several competing products/services in its market area, this would suggest an aggressive marketing strategy. Further, if there are many other forms of indirect competition, then the organization should pursue a balanced marketing strategy.

24.The second major factor is the quality of the products/services offered. If the organization has high-quality products/services, a minimal marketing strategy is called for, other factors being equal. If it is in a weak market position with low-quality products/services, a minimal marketing strategy should be pursued. If the products/services are of medium quality, this would suggest a balanced strategy.

25.The third major factor is the revenue strategies that the managers may desire to pursue. For example, if the managers want to maximize the organization’s revenues from its products’ services, then the organization should adopt an aggressive marketing strategy. If it wants to minimize revenues, then it should pursue a minimal strategy. However, if it wants to balance its revenues? D not maximizing and not minimizing ?D then a balanced marketing strategy is called for. These factors may be summarized and put into decision model for an administrator to use in deciding which general marketing strategy his/her organization should use. Once the strengths and weaknesses are weighted for each factor, an overall evaluation can be completed, allowing the administrator to arrive at an overall decision ?D that is ,whether to follow an aggressive, balanced, or minimal general marketing strategy.

Part C

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)

Not long ago, technology in the home was carved up into well-defined territories: The PC ?D care of Microsoft, Intel, Dell, and the like ?D presided over the home office. The television and stereo were king and queen of the living room. These days, though, the digital revolution is shaking up that comfortable ease. (26)With the advent of MP3 music files, personal video recorders, game machines, digital cameras, and a host of other media and services, it’s no longer clear who controls which bit of home floor. And that has set off a battle for dominance in home entertainment.

The shake-up covers the technology spectrum. Microsoft Corp. is spending billions on entertainment initiatives such as its X-box video game comfort. Compaq Computer Corp. and Hewlett??Packard Co. sell MP3 music players that plug into home??stereo systems. Philips Electronics sells a stereo that hooks into a high-speed Internet connection to play music from the Web.

Consumers are getting the message. (27) Sales of many of these devices should take off this year and next: U.S. shipments of MP3 digital music players for listening to songs downloaded from the Net are expected to jump by more than 50% this year, to 7 million units, according to researchers International Data Corp. Sales of personal video recorders, such as TiVo, which let you record TV shows for later viewing, should nearly triple this year in the U.S., to 2.2 million units.

Even high-definition television(HDTV) ?D the durable Next Big Thing ?D may soon take off. (28) By the end of 2003, nearly 6 million U.S. homes should have HDTV sets, and by yearend, some 7.7 million American homes are expected to have networks to tie their digital gear together, with strong growth spurred by a new standard for wireless links called WiFi.

Call it the next big wave of technology. (29) After the PC era and the Internet Age, many consumers have grown comfortable with tech: Two-thirds of U.S. homes own PCs today, while 60% have Internet access, according to researchers Gartner Data-quest. To reach the rest of the market, technology companies need to build simpler devices that offer more entertainment. (30) And these new machines need to work together as readily as stereo components do today, and should be nearly as easy to set up and use as a telephone or a television. That is leading to the computerization of technology over the next five to ten years. The future is about MP3 players, digital video, and the like.

参考答案

Part A

Text 1: 1. A2. C3. D4. B5. A

Text 2: 6. D7. C8. C9. B10. D

Text 3: 11. C12. B13. D14. D15. B

Text 4: 16. C17. D18. B19. D20. A

Part B

21. C 22. A 23. F 24. B 25. E

Part C

26. 随着MP3音乐文档、个人录像机、游戏机、数码照相机及许多其它媒体和服务器的问世，究竟谁会占据家庭中的哪块地盘，就很难说了。

27. 今明两年，这些电器中许多产品的销售量会急剧上升，据国际数据公司的研究人员估计，能收听从网上下载歌曲的MP3数码音乐播放机，美国今年出货预计跃升50%以上，达到700万套。

28. 到2003年末，近600万美国家庭拥有高清晰电视机，而到年终，随着称作WiFi 的无线连接新技术标准所激发的迅猛发展，预计约有770万美国家庭用网络系统把他们的数码装置联成一体。

29. 许多消费者在经历过个人电脑时代和互联网时代之后，对新技术业已应付自如;据Gartner数据调查公司的研究人员统计，现在2/3的美国家庭拥有个人电脑，而60%的家庭有互联网接口。

30. 而且，这些新机器需要像现在的立体音响部件那样容易地组合起来运行，同时它们还应该几乎像电话机或电视机一样容易安装和使用。

答案解析Unit 1

Part A　Text 1

【文章大意与结构】

本文讨论了幸福感与不幸福感话题。作者第一、二段指出幸福与不幸福实际上并非同一情感的两个方面，它们互为共存，各自增减，两者之间没有多少关系;第三至五段提到，不幸福的遗传禀性可能存在于某些家庭，而幸福感则主要靠后天培养，幸福感是一种主观感受，天生感到不幸福的人也可通过自己的努力增加幸福感。

本文在结构上的显著特点是各段中间均使用转折词“but”或“however”，前半段的叙述作为铺垫，后半段引出作者要表述的观点。

【试题解析】

1. 判断题。本题可定位于第3段第3句：研究表明不幸福的遗传禀性可能存在于某些家庭。再参考第4句：幸福似乎与遗传无关。由此可以判断[A]“不幸福与其是受环境影响，不如说是遗传的”正确。

[B]“幸福与不幸福互为条件”，与第1段最后1句相悖;[C]“不幸福受外部因素而不是内部因素影响”，与A项相反，错误;[D]“幸福是一种不可控的主观感受”错误，幸福是主观感受(第4段第1句)，但并非“uncontrollable”，它可以培养(第3段最后一句)。

2. 细节题。本题题干中的要点是“one can achieve happiness by...”，在原文中有两处对此进行了回答，一是

3段最后一句“获得快乐的能力主要是自己培养的”，另一处是第5段最后一句“你可以通过自己的行为增加幸福”。由此判断C项正确。

[A]“保持一般的幸福程度”、[B]“逃避生活中恼人的事情”、[D]“认识到它与不幸福共存”均不正确。

3. 词义题。该题可从两方面着手，一是看前后句意，前一句“他们也开始发现谁幸福谁不幸福及其原因”、后一句“研究尚未找到幸福生活的简单定律，但业已发现某些行为和态度似乎会使人们更接近最渴望的那种情感”;另一是注意下文使用的是现在完成时。D项“迄今为止”，符合语境需要，也正是原文“to date”的意义。

[A]“结果”、[B]“此外”、[C]“目前”不对。

4. 态度题。题干的主要信息是作者对幸福和不幸福的看法。做题依据在第1段最后一句“他们是两种不同的情感，互为共存，各自增减”，[B]“他们各自独立又同时存在”正确。

[A]“人们因为出身贫寒而感到不幸福”，不符合原文;[C]“人们参加更多的活动而感到幸福”曲解了人们后天如何获得幸福;[D]“它们是人类采取的行为和态度”，该项有一定的干扰性，文中第4段最后一句是说“某些行为和态度似乎会使人们更接近最渴望的那种情感”，行为和态度本身并非幸福或不幸福。

5. 句义题。该句的理解需依托前半句“然而，这并不意味着有些人生来就忧伤”，“and that??s that”是对前文在语气上的进一步肯定，因此可理解为“就是这样、就这么回事”，对应四个选项，只有[A]“情况难以改变”最符合该意思。

[B]“幸福难以获得”、[C]“但他们对此考虑不多”、[D]“但他们对此没有意识”。

【词汇提示】

① common sense 常识，(根据经验的)判断力

② vice versa 反之亦然

③ back up 支持;后退;(使)拥塞

④ predisposition 倾向，禀性

⑤ heritage 继承物;遗产;传统

【难句分析】

1) The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. 幸福和不幸福好比爱和恨一样可以亲密相处，这种认识可能对如何过一种较幸福的生活提供有益的启示。

本句中“that feelings of...in a close relationship”是同位语从句，修饰先行词“the recognition”;“offer valuable clues on”解释为“对……提供有价值的线索”。

2) That advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families. 那种看法得到了大量系列研究的佐证，这些研究表明不幸福的遗传禀性可能存在于某些家庭。

本句“which...in certain families”作定语从句，在定语从句中又有“that...in certain families”宾语从句。

3) When we are happy, we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad. 我们在幸福时比在忧伤时对他人更敏感并保持更好的关系。

本句是比较结构句型，比较对象是两个分别由“when”引导的时间状语从句。

Text 2

【文章大意与结构】

本文讨论了酒后驾车问题。第一段提到，酒后驾车的法律限制是测试时每100毫升血液中80毫克酒精，但是喝多少酒会达到这种限制因人而异。第二、三段进一步阐述驾驶能力会受到酒精的影响。第四至七段作者引用事例进一步说明以上观点，并指出，酒后驾车不但影响驾驶者本人，还会影响他人。

本文句子结构相对简单，没有超纲生词。

【试题解析】

6. 细节题。题干的意思是“在法律限制内驾驶员可以喝多少酒”，该话题在第1段提到，依据第3句，可以判断答案为[D]“因人而异”。

[A]“大约80毫克纯酒精”，本选项具有干扰性，可以定位到第1段第1句，原文说“每100毫升血液中80毫克酒精”，A项表述不对;[B]“大约三标准杯”，第1段最后一句提到，但说的是“有些人”;[C]“与体重成正比”，可查读第1段第3句，该句只是说体重是考虑的一个因素。

7. 细节题。题干信息“你可能会被指控醉酒驾驶”是对第2段第2句中“you could still be taken to court”的同义改写，做题依据应该是该句的后半部分“if a police officer thinks your driving has been affected by alcohol”(如果警官认为酒精已对你的驾驶产生影响)，由此判断[C]“你被发现酒后不正常驾驶”正确。

[A]“你喝酒后驾车”错误，因为并非喝酒就驾车不正常;[B]“你成为一个不可救药的酒鬼”、[D]“你的酒精测试不过关”与原文不符。

8. 句义题。本题顺着题干关键词“professional drivers”，较容易在文章第4段定位答题点。正确理解了本句也就找到了本题的答案(本句译文参见[难句分析])，[C]“尽管自信也不能通过测试”正确。

[A]“比清醒者有更多的自信”、[B]“移除了考场的一组桩柱”、[D]“对潜在醉酒驾驶者起着警示作用”均不符合该句句义。

9. 细节题。本题问“为什么酒精是交通事故的主要原因”。文中多处提到喝酒会影响“driving ability”，显然本题应该选[B]“饮酒影响人们的思想和感情”。

[A]“超过30%的道路事故死伤者是酒后驾驶者”并不是题目所问的原因;[C]“大约三分之一驾驶员酗酒”，不能得出该结论;[D]“道路事故受害者中常见年轻驾驶员”不能作为原因来解释题干的前半部分。

10. 判断题。题干的意思是：关于酒后驾车，作者告诫了什么。本题可定位于文章最后一段。该段大意：酒后驾车不单单影响你本人，如果发生事故还会影响其他许多人，尤其是你可能撞死或撞伤的那个人。根据一般语法知识，我们知道作者的强调点在后半句。由此判断[D]“使别人处于危险之中”正确。

[A]“可能受到警察的起诉”、[B]“使自己处于危险中”、[C]“可能使另一名驾驶员受伤或丧命”均不符合最后一段的意思

【词汇提示】

① breath test 呼气测醉试验

② concentration 浓度;集中

③ not least 尤其，特别;部分地;相当重要地

【难句分析】

1) It varies with each person depending on your weight, your sex, if you’ve just eaten and what sort of drinks you’ve had. 这因人而异，取决于你的体重、性别、你是否刚吃过东西以及你喝了什么样的酒。

本句主句是“It varies with each person”，“depending on...you’ve had”为分词词组作状语，在该词组中，包含有四个并列的介词宾语或宾语从句。

2) In a test with professional drivers, the more alcoholic drinks they had had, the more certain they were that they could drive a test course through a set of moveable posts...and the less able they were to do it!在一次对专职驾驶员的测试中，他们酒喝得越多，就越肯定自己能开过一组移动的桩柱，在测试课程中过关……但通过的可能性越小。

本句虽长，但结构并不复杂，把握住“the more...the more...and the less...”句型，也就把握了整句的框架。

3) One in three of the drivers killed in road accidents have levels of alcohol which are over the legal limit, and road accidents after drinking are the biggest cause of death among young men. 丧命于道路事故的驾驶员中，三分之一酒精含量超过法律限制，酒后道路事故是年轻人死亡的最大原因。

“one in three”解释为“三分之一”;“killed in road accidents”为过去分词词组作“drivers”的后置定语;“over the legal limit”意为“超过法律限制”。

Text 3

【文章大意与结构】

本文介绍了三种基本的经济形态，即市场体制、管理体制和传统体制。作者在第二至四段分别简述了三种经济体制。在市场体制下单个经济单位可以在市场上相互间自由地发挥作用;管理体制则是由某一机构对所有交易实行管控;在传统体制下，生产和消费模式由传统控制。

本文结构比较清晰，第一段是概述，二至四段为分述，词汇难易适中。

【试题解析】

11. 主旨题。要求确定这篇文章的目的。本文第1段交代了全文的主旨，就是介绍三种基本的经济形态：市场体制、管理体制和传统体制。再参考第2、3、4各段的首句，可确定答案应该是[C]“概述不同的经济体制”。

[A]“解释经济学的本质”、[B]“比较以货易货和货币交换市场”、[D]“主张某种经济的优势”均不能概括本文大意。

12. 词汇题。对该类题目必须结合语境加以判断。该词所在句子的大体意思：在以货易货的经济体制中，像汽车、鞋子、比萨这样的货物互相交换。结合四个选项[A]“真正的”、[B]“具体的”、[C]“耐用的，耐久的”、[D]“实用的，实际的”，B项最符合逻辑。

C项和D项不能同时与举例中的三类货物搭配使用;A项在此也不妥。另外，从常见技巧判断，词汇题中最基本词义一般不会是答案。

13. 细节题。题干中的关键词是“barter economy”，查读原文后，可以定位于第2段第4句和第5句，原文中“may not always be an easy task(可能并不总是一件容易的事情)”，在四个选项中对应[D]“(可能导致)交换麻烦”。

[A]“不公平交易”、[B]“直接冲突”、[C]“逐渐通货紧缩”，原文未提及。

14. 细节题。题干中的关键词是“administered system”，在原文中较容易定位于第3段第1句，其主要部分是“administrative control by some agency over all transactions(某一机构对所有交易的管控)”，这里的“某一机构”，在本段第4句具体为“the government”，由此判断[D]“某些官方部门”正确。

[A]“主要经济组织”、[B]“一般公共咨询机构”、[C]“大型商业公司”均不正确。

15. 判断题。本题要求在四个选项中排除一个错误内容。这类题一般需反着做，即判断哪三个选项是正确的，并找到依据。题干中的关键词“one??s place in a traditional society”对应于最后一段第1句：“every person??s place within the economic system”，其后的“is fixed by parentage (origin), religion, and custom.”就是本题的定位点：“parentage(出身)”对应[A]“家庭背景”、“religion”对应[C]“religious beliefs(宗教信仰)”、“custom”对应[D]“established experience(习俗)”，只有[B]“年龄和教育”未提及，是答案。

【词汇提示】

① barter 以货易货

② edicts 法令;命令

③ allocate 分配;分派

④ parentage 出身;起源

⑤ caste 社会阶层;等级

⑥ stagnant 停滞的;不流动的

【难句分析】

1) This agency will issue edicts (orders) or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. 对每一种商品和服务每个经济单位应该生产多少、交换多少、消费多少，这个机构将颁布法令或命令。

本句主要部分是“This agency will issue edicts (orders) or commands”，“as to”与后面的介词宾语从句一起作后置定语，修饰“edicts (orders) or commands”。

2) The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. 政府制订的中央计划标明每种商品不同企业生产多少以及不同家庭分配多少用于消费。

“drawn up by the government”是过去分词词组作定语，修饰“central plan”;“produced by...”与“allocated to...”一起作后置定语，修饰“the amounts of each commodity”。

3) People belonging to a certain group or caste (social class) may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. 属于某一团体或社会阶层的人可能有义务关照他人、为他们提供食宿、照料他们的健康并给他们提供教育。

本句虽然较长，但结构并不复杂，“belonging to a certain group or caste (social class)”现在分词词组作后置定语修饰“people”;“have..., provide..., care..., provide...”为四个并列谓语。

Text 4

【文章大意与结构】

本文讨论了一周中员工工作效率的问题。文章第一段指出，调查表明，周二效率最高，其次是周一，从一周的中段开始，效率显著下降。作者在第二段分析了各工作日效率差异的原因。文章在第三段提出了解决这一问题的措施。

本文在内容结构上，先提出问题，然后分析原因，最后给出解决问题的方法，层次清楚。

【试题解析】

16. 判断题。要求判断哪一天最有效率。本题可定位于第1段，该段第3句说周二最有效率;第5句又说其次是周一。题目四个选项中没有周二这一时间，当然只有[C]“星期一”在四个选项中是最有效率的，C项正确。

17. 细节题。本题定位于第2段后半部分，文章在此讨论了为什么星期二员工的工作表现会达到顶峰(employees hit peak performance)。该段第6、7句作者分别使用了“focus”一词解释了部分原因，在本段倒数第2句作者写道“in 10 hours, they’re doing 20 hours work”，说明了员工的工作效率。由此可判断[D]“全神贯注和效率”符合文章意思。

[A]“极度兴奋和忙碌”在第2段倒数第4句似乎也可找到对应词“hectic”，但它不是高效率的典型特征;[B]“适当的热情和创造性”，文章并未强调创造性;[C]“匆忙无序的活动”，显然不正确

18. 词汇题。“lax”一词必须结合语境作出判断，该句大意：事情并未如此，员工们整天闲坐着，脚跷办公桌，品抿咖啡，煲电话粥，但的的确确缺乏专注。由此推测，[B]“失去控制”符合语境。

[A]“通常无关紧要的”、[C]“完全使人分散精力的”、[D]“值得放松的”均不正确。

19. 句义题。本题实际是对文章最后一句的句义理解。题干的关键词“changes in productivity”是对最后一句“variations in productivity”的改写，该句后半句“both workers and bosses win when the peaks and valleys are less dramatic than they are now (当高峰和低谷不像现在这样强烈时，员工和老板就会双赢)”正是文章提出的办法。综观四个选项，[D]“它们的差别应该被减小”符合本句意思。

[A]“工作最后期限可以重新调整”、[B]“它们是合理的可以预期的”、[C]“周一的会议可以取消”均非本句之意。

20. 判断题。题目问“作者没有解释哪一项”。这类题有一定难度，需要研判所有选项并且在文中找到相关依据。[A]“改变工作节奏采取的措施”，虽然在文章最后一项第3句提到，但那是“some management consultants”的话，所以是答案。

[B]“一周第六天的工作效率”，即星期五的工作效率，文章多处有提及或有暗示;[C]“一星期的中段工作效率减慢的原因”，文章第2段第3、4句有叙述;[D]“老板对低工作效率的关注”，第1段最后几句引用了对经理的调查数据，可充分说明老板对这个问题的关注。

【词汇提示】

① bolster 支持，支撑

② poll 对……进行民意测验

③ hectic 忙乱的，忙碌不停的

④ frantic (因痛苦、悲哀或快乐等)发狂似的

⑤ sip 抿，小口地喝

【难句分析】

1) It’s possible that while you are at work, you may dream about a month of Sundays, but your boss wishes for a week of Tuesday. 在你上班时，你可能梦想着每个月都是星期天，可你的老板则希望每周都是星期二。

本句由that引导主语从句，在主语从句中，包含but连接的两个并列句，其中第1个并列句中又含有“while you are at work”作时间状语。

2) However, forty-eight percent of the managers polled said that Tuesday is, by far, the most productive day of the week. 然而，百分之四十八的接受调查的经理说星期二是一周中最有效率的一天。

“polled”作后置定语修饰“managers”;“by far”解释为“……得多，远远地，大大地”，修饰形容词的比较级或最高级。

3) First of all, Monday is overloaded with meetings, designed to “get things moving,” and everybody knows meetings aren’t very productive. 首先，星期一有过多的会议，目的在于“让事情动起来”，大家都知道会议并不富有成效。

“overload”意为“使超载，装填……过满”;“designed to ‘get things moving,’”过去分词词组作定语，修饰“meetings”。

4) To prevent this midweek slowdown, some management consultants suggest that employers avoid jamming so many meetings into Mondays. 为防止这种周中开始的松弛，有些管理顾问建议雇主应避免把这么多的会议塞进星期一。

动词不定式表示目的状语，that引导宾语从句，avoid后接动名词作宾语。

Part B

【文章大意与结构】

本文讨论了三种常见的营销策略。第一段是概述，第二、三段作者分别介绍了积极主动策略(aggressive strategy)、最低限度营销策略(minimal strategy)和平衡营销策略(balanced marketing strategy)，但各组织机构采用哪种营销策略需具体情况具体分析。文章第四至六段分析了影响营销策略决策的三种主要因素。

本文各段开头的序数词有助于理解文章结构。

【试题解析】

21. 答案[C]。本题需要将文章第1段和本段第1句联系起来判断，在第1段中作者概述了三种常见的营销策略，本段第1句实际是对上文的具体展开，因此[C]“举例说明进攻策略”符合本段大意。

22. 答案[A]。本题所在的第3段在第2段的基础上讨论了另外两种营销策略。本段最后一句说：各机构实体情况明显不同，采用哪种策略需要分析各种因素。在几个选项中，只有[A]“某个实体该采用什么样的策略?”最合适。

23. 答案[F]。该段主题句显然是第1句：第一个重要因素是机构实体所面临的市场竞争的性质。本段指出，机构实体面对不同的市场竞争应采取不同的策略，“市场竞争”应该理解为机构实体所处的外部条件。本题[F]“策略随着外部条件的变化而变化”正确。

24. 答案[B]。本段主题句是第1句：第二个重要因素是所提供的产品或服务的质量。作者阐述了什么样质量的产品或服务该采用什么样的营销策略。由此可以判断，应该坚持以质量为先的决策原则。[B]“质量第一，竞争第二”符合段意。

25. 答案[E]。本题也只需抓住本段第1句主题句：第三个重要因素是经理希望施行的收益策略。该句与[E]“收益动机也起着作用”意思相似，在该选项中，“motive”对应主题句的“desire”，“proceeds”与“revenue”相一致。

【词汇提示】

① differentiate 使有差别;区别

② in-between 中间性的

③ entity 实体，统一体

④ dictate 支配，强制规定;命令

⑤ monopoly 垄断，专卖

⑥ oligopoly 寡头卖主垄断

【难句分析】

1) The first is an aggressive strategy, characterized by generating a great deal of promotion, varying prices, changing the times and places at which the products/ services are offered, differentiating the products/ services from those of competing organizations, hiring creative salespersons to promote the products/ services, spending lots of money on marketing activities, and so forth. 第一种是积极进取策略，其特点是大量促销、变更价格、改变所供产品或服务的时间和地点、使产品或服务有别于竞争对手、雇佣有创新意识的销售人员推销产品或服务、花巨资进行营销活动，等等。

本句主干部分是“The first is an aggressive strategy”;“characterized by...”是过去分词词组作后置定语;“generating..., varying..., changing..., differentiating..., hiring..., spending...”是并列的动名词作介词by的宾语;“at which the products/ services are offered”是定语从句，修饰“the times and places”。

2) The third is a balanced marketing strategy, an in-between strategy that differs from an aggressive strategy and a minimal strategy only in degree. 第三种是平衡营销策略，也是中庸策略，它只是在程度上有别于积极进取策略和最低限度营销策略。

本句中“in? between strategy”与前面的“balanced marketing strategy”是同位关系;“that differs...only in degree”是定语从句，修饰“strategy”。

3) Once the strengths and weaknesses are weighted for each factor, an overall evaluation can be completed, allowing the administrator to arrive at an overall decision? That is, whether to follow an aggressive, balanced, or minimal general marketing strategy. 一旦权衡了每个因素的优缺点，就可完成全面评估，使管理者作出总的决策?D?D即，是采用积极进取策略、平衡策略还是最低限度的一般营销策略。

本句主从复合句，主句是“an overall evaluation can be completed”，状语从句是“Once...for each factor”，“allowing...an overall decision”为现在分词词组作状语，破折号之后的内容是同位语，补充说明“an overall decision”。

Part C

【试题解析】

26. 本句的主要部分是“it’s no longer clear who controls which bit of home floor”，其中“who controls which bit of home floor”是后置的主语从句，翻译时注意汉语表达习惯;“With the advent of”是伴随状语，解释为“随着……的问世”。

27. 本句包含两部分，第一部分是“Sales of many of these devices should take off this year and next”，其中“take off”在此表示“(产品等)大受欢迎，(销量等)飙升”。第二部分主干是“U.S. shipments...are expected to jump...”，其中“downloaded from the Net”过去分词词组作后置定语修饰“songs”;“to 7 million units”是同位语，补充说明“more than 50%”。

28. 这是一个由“and”连接的并列句。第2个分句中“some”解释为“大约”，用在数词之前;“with strong growth spurred by a new standard for wireless links called WiFi”包含有“with + n. + p.p.”结构表示伴随，“called WiFi”过去分词词组作后置定语，修饰“wireless links”。

29. 本句虽长，但结构不复杂。冒号之前是主干部分，冒号之后是一个并列句，起补充说明作用，注意句中的“while”是并列连词，解释为“而”。

30. 这是一个较为复杂的简单句。句子的主语是“these new machines”，谓语部分是“need to work...”和“should be...”。翻译时注意两个“as...as...”结构。

Unit2

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

When Alexandre Gustave Eiffel completed the design and commenced construction of the tower in Paris which was to bear his name, a lot of loud protests were heard from nearly every quarter. Artists, writers, composers, and others publicly condemned the structure as monstrosity. Yet today, more than a hundred years later, virtually everyone proclaims the Eiffel Tower a work of genius and great beauty.

The idea of a 1,000-foot tower had been proposed for the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in 1876. But it was the French who finally authorized such a structure for their Paris Exposition of 1889. When the design competition was concluded, the winning entry was one submitted by Eiffel, a builder of bridges who had been among the first to employ prefabricated and standardized structural parts to speed and simplify construction. Earlier in his career, he had solved the problem of how to support the Statue of Liberty by fastening the envelope of copper sheets with an interior framework of wrought iron.

Thus it was that he approached the building of his tower with iron although he recognized steel as “the metal of the future.” Within a little more than a year after the first ground was broken in 1887, the four huge inward-facing pillars were in place over the four-acre site, and the tower’s first platform secured 187 feet above ground. When the French Exposition opened in May of 1889, the tower was complete, ready for the first of millions of people who would climb her 1,710 stairs or ride her elevators.

Owned since 1909 by the city of Paris, the Eiffel Tower is now 1,052 feet in height since the addition of a television transmission antenna. Almost two million visitors to the Paris Exposition paid to climb the tower during its first year, and a similar number continue each year to pay to inspect it, thus making the Eiffel Tower Europe’s most popular tourist attraction. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel died in 1923 at the age of 91 years.

1. As is stated in the text,

[A] the iron tower was named after its designer prior to its construction.

[B] the construction of the tower began in an unfavorable atmosphere.

[C] the design of the tower was considered as a work of genius.

[D] the naming of the iron tower encountered widespread objections.

2. The construction of the tower gave rise to vigorous protests because it

[A] cost a tremendous amount of labor and money.

[B] didn’t find favor with the highest quarters.

[C] was considered as of extraordinary size and shape.

[D] was disapproved by people from all parts of the globe.

3. Alexander Eiffel was authorized to build such a tower because

[A] he proposed the idea of such a tower early in 1876.

[B] he was the first person to present his design to the authorities.

[C] he had solved the problem of consolidating the Statue of Liberty.

[D] his design was superior to any others technically and economically.

4. The Eiffel Tower was constructed

[A] for the opening of the French Exposition.

[B] on an enormous platform of four acres.

[C] as high as one thousand and fifty-two feet.

[D] with the metal of the future as building material.

5. It is a fact that

[A] the height of the tower proper is well over a thousand feet.

[B] the ground floor of the tower was fixed in more than a year.

[C] the tower’s essential parts were constructed on building site.

[D] the completion of the iron monster took only two years.

Text 2

There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis. When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment, they show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse. One begins by regarding this as defiance and as an attempt to prove their superiority to the physician, but later one comes to take a deeper and juster view. One becomes convinced, not only that such people cannot endure any praise or appreciation, but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment. Every partial solution that ought to result, and in other people does result, in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better. They exhibit what is known as a “negative therapeutic reaction”.

There is no doubt that there is something in these people that sets itself against their recovery, and its approach is dreaded as though it were a danger. We are accustomed to say that the need for illness has got the upper hand in them over the desire for recovery. If we analyze this resistance in the usual way ?D then, even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness, the greater part of it is still left over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery, more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic(admiring one’s own self too much) inaccessibility, a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness.

In the end we come to see that we are dealing with what may be called a “moral” factor, a sense of guilt, which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering. We shall be right in regarding this disencouraging explanation as final. But as far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb; it does not tell him he is guilty, he feels ill. This sense of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which it is extremely difficult to overcome. It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill; he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case.

6. According to the author, some unusual patients would

[A] openly resist the treatment of the physician.

[B] intentionally hold the physician in contempt.

[C] respond against the physician’s expectation.

[D] disregard the appreciation by the physician.

7. For the patients the author describes,

[A] a hopeful treatment often leads to a reverse result.

[B] a local treatment improves temporarily their symptoms.

[C] a partial solution betters rather than worsens their illness.

[D] a right solution cures them partially of their illness.

8. The author’s study of this syndrome leads him to think that

[A] patients must be convinced of the treatment by analysis.

[B] patients’ sense of guilt may hinder them from getting well.

[C] patients need to know the final explanations of their illness.

[D] patients should give up the punishment of suffering from their illness.

9. It can be inferred from the text that

[A] certain people behave in a particularly fashionable way.

[B] the need for illness has overcome the desire for recovery.

[C] the patients who are content with their illness are guilty.

[D] the syndrome of inverse reaction to therapy is curious.

10. The root cause of the resistance to recovery lies in the fact that the patients

[A] are apt to refuse the recognization of the physician’s authority.

[B] can hardly put up with being praised or appreciated by their doctors.

[C] cling to the unconscious belief in their deserved penalty by sickness.

[D] suffer from a chronic mental disease that offers them a feeling of guilt.

Text 3

In examining the cultural backgrounds of some linguistically different children, we found that the theory of a “culture of poverty”, which was rather commonly accepted in the early 1960s, has been questioned by scholars and leaders from a number of fields. While the adverse effects of harsh living conditions ought always to be recognized, the variability of human nature precludes treating even that understanding in stereotyped ways. We need teachers who warmly believe that the child can learn and who will be clever in developing teaching-learning strategies that capitalize on individual strengths and interests.

You should be aware of the linguistic differences in the group you are teaching, whether they are cultural, syntactical, or phonological. Don’t underestimate the reading level of a student because of dialect pronunciations in oral reading.

Language-experience stories are ideal teaching-learing tools for the linguistically different student because they build on words that are within his meaning vocabulary. With those words, you can teach all of the methods of word recognitition, such as beginning, ending, and medial (in the middle position) sounds, and phonogram (phonetic symbol) patterns. Through the transcription (copying) of his own sentences, the child sees the help of syntax (rules for sentence-building) in decoding (discovering the meaning of) print and begins to see what reading is all about. Transfer from the natural language to standard English can be made gradually.

Listening experience with literature may be of great help to children in learning a new dialect. Be sure to avoid literature which presents minorities in debasing (lowering in value, quality, etc.) circumstances or depicts them as having cultures that are always outside the mainstream of American life.

In addition to your teaching approaches, peers can also help the bilingual(using two languages) child feel part of a strange and frustrating environment. The school can work with the community in providing practice in mastery of the new language.

Bilingual, multi-cultural education seems to be a promising hope for improving opportunities for children who have trouble with English since it is a second language, as well as a means of broadening the lives of children who speak English.

11. The importance of the problem discussed in the text lies in

[A] the urgent renewal of the educational theory.

[B] the multi-cultural features of U.S. education.

[C] the assimilation of minorities to U.S. society.

[D] the vital reform of language teaching in schools.

12. According to the text, the theory of a “culture of poverty”

[A] was admitted in the early part of the 20th century.

[B] was established in a generally questionable manner.

[C] has been disproved by scholars from different areas.

[D] has been reassessed by experts in various fields.

13. The author is most probably in favor of the opinion that

[A] rough conditions have bad effects on linguistically different children.

[B] we should realize the unfavorable impact of poverty on bilingual pupils.

[C] our nature rules out the fixed realization of the negative effects of poverty.

[D] our character prevents understanding the theory of a “culture of poverty”.

14. Which of the following statements is UNTRUE according to the text?

[A] Clever teachers are needed to develop teaching strategies to finance learners.

[B] Teachers should be conscious of the language differences among their students.

[C] Students may understand what reading is all about by copying what they write.

[D] One of the best teaching approaches is to make stories based on familiar words.

15. According to the author, it would be safe to say that

[A] American minorities living in humble conditions feel frustrated.

[B] bilingual kids encircled by native English speakers may feel dismayed.

[C] literary works about minority cultures may be acceptable to bilingual children.[D] multi-cultural education also raises the level of the U.S. native students.

Text 4

Technology is the creation of new products and processes intended to improve our working efficiency, our chances for survival, our comfort level, and our quality of life. The goal of science is to develop widely accepted knowledge or ideas, which are intangible; by contrast, technology is concerned primarily with the development of substantial things.

In many cases, technology develops from known scientific laws and theories. Scientists invented the laser, for example, by applying knowledge about the internal structure of atoms. Applied scientific knowledge about chemistry and electronics has given us nylon, pesticides, washing powder, intelligent computers, mobile phones, digital cameras, pollution control devices, and countless other products. Applications of theories in nuclear physics led to nuclear bombs and nuclear power plants.

Many technologies arise by way of trial and error, before anyone understands the underlying scientific principles. For example, aspirin, extracted from the bark of a tropical willow tree, relieved pain and fever long before anyone found out how it did so. Similarly, photography was invented by people who had no idea about its chemistry, and farmers crossbred new strains (breeds) of crops and livestock long before biologists understood the principles of genetics. In fact, much of science is an attempt to understand and explain why various technologies work.

Although some forms of technology use scientific knowledge, nearly all science needs technology. Scientists use machines and instruments to collect and analyze data, to perform experiments, and to make complex computations. Scientists would be hard-pressed to get along without such things as paper, pencils, books, test tubes, microscopes, refrigerators, computers, copiers and telephones ?D all products of technology.

Although at their cores science and technology share similar processes (both are essentially trial and error at heart), they usually differ in the way the ideas and information they produce are shared. Many of the results of scientific research are published and distributed freely to be tested, challenged, verified, or modified. The process strengthens the validity of scientific knowledge and helps expose cheaters.

In contrast, many technological discoveries are kept secret until the new process or product is patented. Information concerning much valuable technology is never published, but is instead learned “on the job” by industrial workers and passed informally among selected individuals only. The basis of other technology gets published in journals and enjoys the same kind of public distribution and peer review as science.

16. The word “intangible” in Par. 1 most probably means

[A] insensible.

[B] inconceivable.

[C] immaterial.

[D] impractical.

17. The advancement of our living generally results from

[A] sheer technological creations

[B] widely approved knowledge.

[C] constant scientific research.

[D] pure and applied sciences.

18. It can be inferred from Par.3 that many technologies

[A]underlie scientific definitions.

[B]precede scientific principles

[C]conform to scientific interpretations.

[D]confirm scientific understandings.

19. One of the joint features of science and technology lies in

[A] their mutual independence.

[B] their originating processes.

[C] their strengthened validity.

[D] their common approaches.

20. Science and technology differ from each other in

[A] the manner of producing ideas.

[B] the process of delivering message.

[C] the way of handling key information.

[D] the method of publicizing new findings.

参考答案

Part A

Text 1: 1. B2. C3. D4. A5. D

Text 2: 6. C7. A8. B9. D10. C

Text 3: 11. B12. D13. C14. A15. B

Text 4: 16. C17. D18. B19. B20. C

解析　Unit2

Part A Text 1

【文章大意与结构】

本文讲述了巴黎埃菲尔铁塔的由来。文章第一段说，当A. G. 埃菲尔完成该塔的设计并开始建造时，他遭遇了来自方方面面的抗议，人们把他设计的铁塔称为巨型怪物。作者在第二段解释了为什么要建造该塔，在第三、四段介绍了建塔过程，指出埃菲尔铁塔已成为欧洲最受欢迎的旅游景点。

本文为记叙类文体，阅读时注意抓住事情的来龙去脉。

【试题解析】

1. 判断题。本题要求对有关事实细节进行判断，一般来说，这类题各选项都需在文中找到相应依据。正确答案为[B]“这座铁塔是在不利条件下开始建造的”，依据文章第1段第1句，注意其中关键词“commenced construction..., a lot of loud protests were heard from nearly every quarter(译文参见[难句分析])”。

[A]“铁塔在建造之前是按照设计者的名字命名的”，错误，依据第1段第1句“which was to bear his name”，表示过去将来概念;[C]“塔的设计当时被认为是天才作品”，本选项使用的是一般过去时，当时该设计被认为是“monstrosity(巨型怪物)”(第1段第2句);[D]“铁塔的命名遭遇了广泛的反对”，文中未提及。

2. 细节题。题干前半段的信息是“塔的建造引起了激烈的抗议”，可对应第1段第1句“a lot of loud protests were heard from nearly every quarter”，至于原因应该是紧接着的第2句“Artists...condemned the structure as monstrosity (把该建筑指责为巨型怪物).”，由此可判断[C]“被认为体积和形状巨大”正确。

[A]“花费巨额人力财力”、[B]“未获得最高层人士的赞同”、[D]“未得到世界各国人民的同意”均与文章不符。

3. 细节题。问的是为什么埃菲尔会被授权建造铁塔，依据第2段第3句，其中关键信息是“among the first to employ prefabricated and standardized structural parts to speed and simplify construction(译文参见[难句分析])”，由此判断[D]“他的设计在技术和经济上优于他人”正确。

[A]“他于1876年初提出了建塔的想法”，不对，由第2段第1句可知，该主意最初是为费城百年庆祝博览会而提出的;[B]“他是第一个将设计提交给当局的人”，文中无此信息;[C]“他解决了加固自由女神像的问题”，第2段最后一句说“solved the problem of how to support the Statue of Liberty(解决了如何支撑自由女神像的问题)”，也不正确。

4. 细节题。本题在文中有两处依据，一是第2段第2句“authorized such a structure for their Paris Exposition of 1889”，另一处是第3段最后一句“When the French Exposition opened in May of 1889, the tower was complete”，[A]“为法国博览会的开幕”正确。

[B]“在四英亩的巨型平台上”，文章第3段第2句说的是“the four-acre site(四英亩地基)”，而非“platform”;[C]“高达1,052英尺”，第4段第1句提到，但包括电视发射天线;[D]“使用未来的金属作为建筑材料”，不对，因为第3段第1句说“building of his tower with iron”。

5. 判断题。[D]“该铁制怪物的完工只花了两年时间”，正确。依据第3段第2、3句：1887年破土动工，1889年完工。

[A]“铁塔本身的高度大大超过1,000英尺”，第4段第1句，包括电视发射天线，总高是1，054英尺，可以推断铁塔本身并非大大超过1,000英尺;[ B]“铁塔的底楼安装了一年多时间”，文中未提及;[C]“铁塔的主要部件是在建筑工地制作的”，错误，第2段第3句说“employ prefabricated and standardized structural parts”，并非在现场制作。

【词汇提示】

① monstrosity 巨型怪物

② prefabricated 预先制作的

③ wrought iron 锻铁，熟铁

【难句分析】

1) When Alexandre Gustave Eiffel completed the design and commenced construction of the tower in Paris which was to bear his name, a lot of loud protests were heard from nearly every quarter. 当亚列山大?古斯塔夫?埃菲尔完成了设计并开始在巴黎建造将以其名字命名的铁塔时，人们听到了几乎来自各方的大声抗议。

本句是主从复合句，其中“which was to bear his name”为定语从句，修饰“the tower”。

2) When the design competition was concluded, the winning entry was one submitted by Eiffel, a builder of bridges who had been among the first to employ prefabricated and standardized structural parts to speed and simplify construction. 当设计比赛结束时，获胜的是埃菲尔提交的一件作品。埃菲尔是桥梁建筑师，他是首先使用预制的标准化建筑部件加快和简化建设进度的人之一。

本句中“submitted by Eiffel”是过去分词词组作后置定语;“a builder of bridges”作Eiffel的同位语;“who...construction”是定语从句，修饰“a builder of bridges”。

3) Within a little more than a year after the first ground was broken in 1887, the four huge inward-facing pillars were in place over the four-acre site, and the tower’s first platform secured 187 feet above ground. 1887年破土动工后一年多一点时间里，四根内向式巨型柱就在四英亩的地基上就位，铁塔的第一个平台稳固在地上187英尺处。

注意前半句中“时间词+after”结构，再如：

Three months after he graduated from college, he got a job. 大学毕业后三个月，他找到了一份工作。

Text 2

【文章大意与结构】

本文讨论了精神分析治疗法对某些病人的负面治疗反应(negative therapeutic reaction)。作者在第一段说，当医生告知某些病人病情好转时，他们反而会表现得不满意，病情会更糟。在第二、三段，作者分析了这种情况的原因，指出可以从内疚感(a sense of guilt)的角度找到答案。

本文句子结构比较复杂，文章有较大难度。

【试题解析】

6. 态度题。题目大意：在作者看来，一些不寻常的病人会……根据第1段第2句当医生对病人的治疗进展充满希望或表达满意时，病人就会表现出不满意的症状，他们的身体状况总是更糟糕。由此判断，[C]“对医生的期望作出相反的反应”正确。

[A]“公开抵制医生的治疗”、[B]“有意瞧不起医生”、[D]“漠视医生的欣赏”，在文中无相关依据。

7. 细节题。做题依据是第1段第4句，从该句中“but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment(但他们对治疗的进展作出相反的反应)”可以判断，[A]“一个本来给人以希望的治疗常常导致相反的结果”正确。

[B]“局部治疗暂时改善了他们的症状”不正确，依据第1段倒数第2句“Every partial solution...produces...an intensification of their illness”;[C]“局部治疗缓解而不是加剧他们的病情”，错误，依据第1段倒数第2句“they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better”;[D]“正确的治疗方法部分治愈他们的疾病”，不对，仍然依据第1段倒数第2句。

8. 判断题。作者在第1段和第2段介绍了某些病人对精神分析治疗法没有效果，在第3段作者从道德层面进行分析：“a sense of guilt, which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering(一种内疚感，在疾病中获得慰藉，拒绝放弃受罪惩罚)”，由此判断[B]“病人的内疚感阻碍了他们康复”正确。

[A]“必须使病人相信精神分析治疗法”、[C]“病人需要知道对他们疾病的最终解释”、[D]“病人应该放弃患病惩罚”均与文章不符。

9. 推理题。题干意思是：从文章中可以推断出……。本题可以从第1段第1句的用词进行判断：“behave in a quite peculiar fashion(表现为一种相当奇特的方式)”，[D]“对治疗的反向反应综合症是不可思议的”正确。

[A]“某些人的表现特别时髦”是对文章第1句的曲解;[B]“对疾病的需要胜过了对康复的渴望”，不对，因为第2段第2句说“We are accustomed to say that...(我们习惯于说)”，但第3句又对该说法进行了更正。[C]“甘愿得病的病人是内疚的”，关于内疚话题应查找第3段，但从该段中并不能得出这个结论。

10. 判断题。问的是“抵制康复的病例，其根源在于病人……”，按照题目关键词“resistance to recovery”可定位于最后1段第4句，该句提到其原因是“sense of guilt”，而“内疚感”的表现形式则可在本段第1句找到答案：“finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering”，因此[C]“潜意识地认为他们该受疾病惩罚”正确。

[A]“往往拒绝承认医生的权威”、[B]“很难受得起医生的表扬或赞赏”均不正确;[D]“患慢性心理疾病，使他们有内疚感”有一定的干扰性，从文章最后1段“this sense of guilt is dumb; it does not tell him he is guilty, he feels ill.”可以看出，该选项错误。

【词汇提示】

① defiance 蔑视，违抗

② inversely 相反地

③ suspension 中止

④ upper hand 优势，有利地位

⑤ narcissistic 自我陶醉的，自恋的

⑥ inaccessibility 难以接近，难以理解

【难句分析】

1) One begins by regarding this a defiance and as an attempt to prove their superiority to the physician, but later one comes to take a deeper and juster view. 人们一开始把它看作一种蔑视，试图证明他们比医生更胜一筹，但后来人们的看法逐渐变得更深刻更公正。

本句是由but引导的并列句。“superiority to”比……更优越;“come to...”解释为“逐渐;渐渐开始”。

2) Every partial solution that ought to result, and in other people does result, in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better. 每一种局部的治疗方法应该产生症状的改善或暂停，在其他人身上的确如此，但在他们身上会暂时加剧疾病，他们在治疗过程中会变得更糟而不是好转。

本句是并列句，第1个分句的主干部分是“Every partial solution...produces...an intensification of their illness”，“that ought to...symptoms”是定语从句修饰“every partial solution”。

3) If we analyse this resistance in the usual way?Dthen, even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness, the greater part of it is still left over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery, more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic (admiring one??s own self too much) inaccessibility, a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness. 如果我们以通常的方式分析这种抵制?D?D那么，即使注意了疾病中各种形式的获益外，还是遗留了更主要的东西;这表现为对康复的最强大的障碍，它比常见的自我陶醉式的难以接近还要厉害，对医生持有消极态度，坚持从疾病中得益。

本句以and连接两个复杂的并列句。第1个句子中的主句是“the greater part of it is still left over”;第2个句子主干部分是“this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery”，“more powerful...inaccessibility”作同位语，修饰前一句;“a negative attitude...from illness”也是同位语，补充说明“narcissistic inaccessibility”。

4) It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill; he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case. 也特别难让病人相信，他的这种动机是他继续患病的原因;他坚持那种比较明显的解释，即精神分析治疗法不是他病症的良药。

“lie behind”解释为“是……的理由”;“hold fast to”意为“对……坚持”;“that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case”是同位语从句修饰“explanation”。

Text 3

【文章大意与结构】

本文探讨了不同语言文化的儿童教育问题。作者在第一段指出，20世纪60年代初被广泛接受的“贫穷文化理论”(the theory of a “culture of poverty”)已受到专家的质疑;第二段提醒教师注意儿童语言的差异性，不要因为方言发音而低估学生的阅读水平;第三至五段讨论了阅读、听力等教学方法问题;最后一段作者指出，双语多文化教育不仅有益于把英语作为第二语言的儿童，而且也可丰富母语为英语的儿童的生活。

文章中包含有较多的复杂句，有一定难度。

试题解析】

11. 推理题。问的是本文所讨论的问题的重要性在于什么。综观全文，讨论的是儿童语言教育问题，依据第1段第1句，我们发现儿童语言的差异性在于其文化背景(cultural backgrounds)，因此，[B]“美国教育的多种文化特性”正确。

[A]“迫切需要更新教育理论”、[C]“少数民族融入美国社会”、[D]“学校语言教学的重大改革”均不符合文章主题。

12. 细节题。题干的关键词是“culture of poverty”，可定位于文章第1段第1句，该句中“has been questioned by scholars and leaders from a number of fields(已受到许多领域学者和领军人物的质疑)”，对应四个选项，显然只有[D]“已受到许多领域专家的重新评估”正确。

[A]“在20世纪初得到认可”，与第1段第1句中的“accepted in the early 1960s”不符;[B]“以一种受到普遍怀疑的方式建立起来”不正确;[C]“已被不同领域的学者证明为错误”，注意第1句使用的是“question(质疑)”，而非“disprove”。

13. 态度题。本题可定位于第1段第2句(译文参见[难句分析])，实际是一道句义题，C项正确：选项中“rule out”对应文中“preclude”、“fixed”对应“in stereotyped ways”、“realization of the negative effects of poverty”对应“that understanding”。

[A]“严酷的条件对语言不同的孩子有负面影响”有一定干扰性，第1段第2句前半部分有提及，但它出现在让步状语从句中，并非作者要表达的主要看法，作者的观点应该在后半句;[B]“我们应该认识到贫穷对双语儿童的不利影响”、[D]“我们的性格妨碍了对贫穷文化理论的理解”与文章不符。

14. 判断题。本题可通过排除法进行判断。[B]“老师应该意识到学生的语言差异”，符合第2段第1句“You should be aware of the linguistic differences in the group you are teaching”;[C]“学生完全可以通过抄写他们所写的东西来理解什么是阅读”，对应第3段第3句“Through the transcription of his own sentences, the child...begins to see what reading is all about”;[D]“最好的教学方法之一就是用熟悉的词汇编造故事”，依据第3段第1句“Language-experience stories are ideal teaching-learning tools for the linguistically different student because they build on words that are within his meaning vocabulary”;只有[A]“需要聪明的老师制订教学方法为学生筹集资金”与文章不符，是本题答案。

15. 推理题。依据第5段第1句进行推断：“peers can also help the bilingual child feel part of a strange and frustrating environment”，对双语儿童来说，他们所处的环境是“陌生和令人沮丧的”，由此判断[B]“被说英语的本地人包围的双语儿童可能会感到灰心”正确。

[A]“生活在简陋条件下的美国少数民族感到沮丧”和[C]“关于少数民族文化的文学作品可能受双语儿童的欢迎”在文章中没有相关依据;[D]“多种文化教育也会提高当地美国学生的水平”是对文章最后一句的曲解，该句说“broadening the lives of children who speak English(丰富说英语的儿童的生活)”，而不是“提高水平”。

【词汇提示】

① preclude 妨碍，阻止;排除，杜绝

② stereotyped 老一套的，已成陈规的

③ capitalize on 利用

④ syntactical 句法的

⑤ phonological 音系学的;(一种语音的)语音体系的

⑥ phonogram 音符，音符组

⑦ transcription 抄写，誊写

⑧ decode 解码

⑨ debase 降低，贬低

⑩ depict 描绘，描述

【难句分析】

1) While the adverse effects of harsh living conditions ought always to be recognized, the variability of human nature precludes treating even that understanding in stereotyped ways. 虽然严酷的生活环境的不利影响总该被承认，但人的天性的易变性也不会使得那种看法一成不变。

本句“while”引导让步状语从句;“treating...in stereotyped ways(以固定不变的方式对待)”作“preclude(妨碍，阻止)”的宾语。

2) Language-experience stories are ideal teaching-learning tools for the linguistically different student because they build on words that are within his meaning vocabulary. 对语言不同的学生来说，语言体验故事是理想的教学方法，因为这些故事的用词没有超出他的有效词汇。

这是一个主从复合句，“because...”引导原因状语从句，“that are with...vocabulary”是定语从句。“language-experience”意为“语言经验;语言体验”。

3) Be sure to avoid literature which presents minorities in debasing circumstances or depicts them as having cultures that are always outside the mainstream of American life. 千万避免使用有损少数民族形象或者把他们的文化描述成总是脱离美国主流生活的文学材料。

本句的主句是“Be sure to avoid literature”;“which...of American life”是一个复杂的定语从句，修饰“literature”;“that are always outside the mainstream of American life”是包含在定语从句中的另一个定语从句，修饰“cultures”。

4) Bilingual, multi-cultural education seems to be a promising hope for improving opportunities for children who have trouble with English since it is a second language, as well as a means of broadening the lives of children who speak English. 双语多文化教育不仅为说英语的儿童提供了丰富生活的手段，而且，对英语是第二语言、学习起来有困难的儿童来说，似乎大有希望增加机会。

句中的“as well as”连接两个并列成分“a promising hope for...”和“a means of...”;“who have trouble with English since it is a second language”是一个包含有原因状语从句的复杂定语从句，修饰“children”;“who speak English”也是定语从句，修饰“children”。

Text 4

【文章大意与结构】

本文介绍了科学和技术的不同内涵。作者在第一段指出，科学的目标是阐述知识或思想，是无形的，而技术则主要关注实际存在的事物的开发。第二至四段举例说明，许多情况下技术源自于已知的科学，但不少技术构成了科学原理的基础，几乎所有的科学都需要技术。文章最后两段比较了科学和技术在对待关键信息的方法上存在差别。

文章层次结构比较清晰，语言难度一般。

【试题解析】

16. 词义题。该词位于第1段第2句(译文参见[难句分析])，对词义题必须结合语境。该句说明了科学和技术之间的差异，技术是开发实际存在的事物(the development of substantial things)，而科学的特点是“intangible”，前后对照可以判断，该词应该是“非物质的;无形的”，C项正确。

[A]“无感觉的，无意识的”、[B]“不能想象的，不可思议的”、[D]“不切实际的”与语境不符。

17. 判断题。技术是创造新产品提高生活质量(第1段第1句)，技术在许多情况下产生于已知的科学定律和理论(第2段第1句)，对科学知识的应用使我们的生活中出现了无数的产品(第2段第2句)，由此判断我们生活水平的提高根本上源自于科学，[D]“纯科学和应用科学”正确。

[A]“纯粹的技术创新”，表述片面，否定了科学的作用;[B]“广泛接受的知识”和[C]“不断的科学研究”均不正确。

18. 推理题。第3段的主题句是第1句：通过不断摸索，许多技术问世，然后人们才弄清其基本的科学原理。本题在A项和B项之间作出选择，A项强调的是因果关系：技术构成了科学解释的基础;B项强调的是时间关系：技术出现在科学原理之前。结合本段最后一句“In fact, much of science is an attempt to understand and explain why various technologies work. (事实上，许多科学试图理解和解释为什么各种技术起作用)”，综合判断，B项正确。

[C]“与科学解释一致”、[D]“证实科学理解”与本段不符。

19. 细节题。题干大意：科学和技术的一个共同特性是什么。本题可定位于第5段第1句“Although at their cores science and technology share similar processes(both are essentially trial and error at heart)(虽然本质上科学和技术的过程类似(两者实质上都是不断探索))”，也就是说它们的产生过程是相似的，符合B项意思。

[A]“它们彼此独立”、[C]“它们强化的效力”、[D]“它们共同的方法”均与文章不符。

20. 细节题。本题可定位于第5段第1句“...differ in the way the ideas and information they produce are shared”。另外，第5段说，科学研究的结果可以自由地发表、发送(published and distributed freely)，以接受检验、质疑、证明或修正(to be tested, challenged, verified, or modified);第6段说，技术发现在新工序或新产品取得专利之前保密(...discoveries are kept secret until the new process or product is patented)，[C]“对待关键信息的方法”正确。

[A]“产生思想的方式”、[B]“发布信息的过程”、[D]“公开新发现的方式”均不正确。

【词汇提示】

① intangible 无形的;模糊的

② trial and error 反复试验;不断摸索

③ underlying 根本的，基础的;放在下面的

④ willow tree 柳树

⑤ crossbreed 使杂交繁殖

⑥ hard-pressed 处于强大压力下的;经济严重困难的

⑦ patent 给予……专利权

【难句分析】

1) The goal of science is to develop widely accepted knowledge or ideas, which are intangible; by contrast, technology is concerned primarily with the development of substantial things. 科学的目标是阐述被广为接受的知识或思想，它是无形的;相对而言，技术则主要关注实际存在事物的开发。

这是一个并列句。第1个分句中，“which are intangible”是非限制性定语从句。

2) Similarly, photography was invented by people who had no idea about its chemistry, and farmers crossbred new strains(breeds) of crops and livestock long before biologists understood the principles of genetics同样，人们发明了摄影术，并不知道其化学原理;农民们杂交繁殖了新型作物和牲畜之后很久，生物学家们才弄清其遗传学原理。

本句是由“and”连接的并列句。在第1个分句中，“who had no idea about its chemistry”定语从句修饰“people”;第2个分句中“long before...”引导时间状语从句，注意其汉语翻译。

3) Information concerning much valuable technology is never published, but is instead learned “on the job” by industrial workers and passed informally among selected individuals only. 涉及非常宝贵技术的信息从不公开发布，而是由产业工人“在岗”学习，然后只非正式地传给经过挑选的人。

这是一个较为复杂的简单句。主语是“information”，有三个并列谓语：“is never published、is learned、(is) passed”;“concerning much valuable technology”介词词组作后置定语，修饰“information”。