2017考研英语语法小讲:动词
2017考研英语语法小讲:动词
动词是表示动作或状态的词,根据其意义和作用,动词可分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。动词涉及的内容很多,本书仅就研究生考试中常涉及的动词时态、时态一致以及部分情态动词作深入讲解。
一、时态(Tense)
时态是表示动作发生的时间和表现方式的一种动词形式,英语动词的时态有16种,但在研究生考试以及其他考试中常考的时态只有几种。不管何种时态,所包含的主要内容都是相同的,即时态的构成以及用法。本书着重讲解重要时态的用法。
(一)一般现在时(Simple Present Tense)
1. 表示客观真理或科学事实。
例句: The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less than that of the earth;in consequence, the force of gravity at the moons surface is only onesixth of that at the earths surface.
分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句that is nearly...less than that of the earth修饰a mass;in consequence后是另一个并列句。
译文: 月球的质量差不多是地球质量的1/100,因此月球表面的引力只有地球表面引力的1/6。
例句: One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. By this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation. (2001年第8题)
分析: 该句由两个句子构成,前一个是简单句,后一个句子是复合句;that后是一宾语从句。
译文: 翻译中的一个难点在于找到一个相对应的概念。这就是说,在翻译过程中一种语言的概念会丢失或发生意义上的改变。
2. 表示现在反复发生或习惯性的动作以及存在的状态,常与always,often,usually, sometimes, once a week,seldom,never等时间状语连用。
例句: Its usually the case that people seldom behave in a rational way when in a furious state.
分析: 该句是复合句,从句that people seldom behave in a rational way是the case的同位语;when后省略了people are。
译文: 人们在暴怒时通常会丧失理智。
例句: Physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. (选自2003年Text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中主干部分为physicians too often offer aggressive treatment...。分词短语frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient作physicians的后置定语;从句what is scientifically justified作介词beyond 的宾语。
译文: 医生由于不能够治愈疾病,同时又担心病人失去希望,因而常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法,这些方法远远超过了科学所能认同的界限。
3. 表示按计划进行的将来动作,常用come,arrive,catch,fly,leave,go,start等词。
例句: When he comes, please inform him of all that I have just told you.
分析: 该句是复合句。该复合句中包含when引导的时间状语从句和that引导的定语从句。
译文: 他来时,请转告他我告诉你的一切。
4. 用在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。
例句: He will come the moment he finishes his work.
分析: 该句中的the moment为连词,意为“一……就”,相当于as soon as。
译文:他一结束工作就会来。
例句: If it is fine tomorrow, well go shopping.
译文: 如果明天天气好的话,我们将去逛商场。
5. 表示主语的能力、性格、个性等。
例句: As an industry, biotechnology stands to rival electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020. (2001年第25题)
分析: 该句是简单句,surpass前省略了不定式to。
译文: 作为一门产业,生物技术在营业额上可以与电子业相媲美,并且到了2020年还有可能在社会影响上超过它。
例句: The director treats his staff as equals.
译文: 主任对其下属一视同仁。
6. 表示格言或警句。
例句: A fence needs the support of three stakes; an able fellow needs the help of three other people.
译文: 一个篱笆三个桩,一个好汉三个帮。
例句: Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.
译文: 读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。