2014年考研英语试题及答案(19)
Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods generally accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the Renaissance.
The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologians decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.
This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroёs. His theory assumed that truth was accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroёs maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally, the teachings of Islamic theology.
As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the Scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics, such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm, did not clearly distinguish the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation. Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the Italian theologian and philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation.
1. With the Scholastics, the search for new knowledge _____.
[A] stopped completely
[B] slowed down
[C] advanced rapidly
[D] awaked gradually
2. Which of the following best illustrates the relation between reason and revelation?
[A] They are simply identical.
[B] Revelation guides reason.
[C] They are occasionally contradictory.
[D] Reason is used to perfect revelation.
3. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 of the text that _____.
[A] the position of philosophy as a humble servant was accepted
[B] religion had turned into a hamper to the functioning of philosophy
[C] philosophers often quoted revelation to support themselves
[D] philosophers were sometimes referred to in religious practice
4. Averroёs held that _____.
[A] Islamic theology was often subordinate to philosophy
[B] religious truth was nothing but imaginative fantasy
[C] real truth was inaccessible to many common people
[D] imperfect expressions were result of flawed religion
5. Which of the following is most likely to be discussed in the part succeeding this text?
[A] Relations of St. T. Aquinas’ achievements to previous efforts.
[B] How St. T. Aquinas worked out in the balance in discussion.
[C] Other endeavors on the relationship of reason and revelation.
[D] Outstanding features of the mature period of Scholasticism.
参考答案
1. A 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.C
总体分析
本文主要论述了哲学和神学或理智和启示之间的关系。文中给出了经院哲学家和神学人员对于二者之间关系的不同看法。考生应着重把握各种院派人士所持的不同观点。
第一段:指出造成经院哲学运动统一性的原因是经院哲学人士共同的目标、态度和方法。他们主要关心的是将理性与启示的知识进行整合。
第二段:主要论述了经院派学者看待理智和启示之间关系的观点。
第三段:论述了与经院派学者的观点成鲜明对比的哲学家阿威罗伊的观点。
第四段:总结指出,因为相信信仰和理智之间的和谐统一关系,经院派哲学家一直试图确定它们各自的范围和能力及二者间确切的关系。
试题精解
1.对于经院哲学家来说,对新知识的追求_____。
[A] 完全停滞 [B] 速度趋缓 [C] 进展迅速 [D] 逐渐苏醒
[精解] 本题考查事实细节。文章第一段第三句指出了经院哲学家对新知识的态度,即经院哲学家主要关注的不是发现新知识而是把希腊理学和基督教启示分别已经获得的知识整合起来。由此可见,对于经院哲学家来说,对于新知识的追求是停滞不前的。[A]项为正确答案。
2.下述选项中哪一个最能阐明理智和启示之间的关系?
[A] 它们只是简单的相似。
[B] 启示引导理智。
[C] 二者偶尔互相矛盾。
[D] 理智使启示变得完美。
[精解] 本题考查了考生对事实细节的概括能力。文章第二段就理智和启示二者的关系作了详细的论述。该段第一句明确指出,决定经院哲学家持有共同观点最重要的一点是他们确信理智和启示二者间基本的和谐关系。接下来第三句作者提到,二者表面上的对立可以追溯到对理智的错误运用和对启示的误解中,所以[C]项错误。该段后半部分内容中作者对二者的关系进一步展开具体论述:经院哲学家坚信启示能掌握更高层次的真理和确定性;在宗教信仰和哲学推理表面上的冲突中,信仰总是更高层次的裁决者,神学者的决定支配着哲学家的决定。可见[B]项是两者关系的恰当诠释。[A]项和[D]项文中未提及。
3.根据文章的第二段可以推断出_____。
[A] 哲学作为谦卑的仆人的地位被接受了
[B] 宗教已经成了哲学运行的障碍
[C] 哲学家经常引用启示来支持自己
[D] 宗教实践中有时也会涉及到哲学家
[精解] 本题考查了考生在理解细节的基础上推理引申的能力。文章的第二段主要论述了理智和启示二者之间的关系。该段倒数第二句提到,经院哲学思想在13世纪早期越来越强调哲学的独立性,但在整个经院哲学阶段,哲学一直被称作神学的仆人。可见,哲学的仆人地位并没有被接受。[A]项错误。该段虽然提到神学是最后的仲裁者,乃至哲学被称为神学的奴隶,但并没有确凿的证据说明宗教成了哲学运行的障碍,[B]项属于过度引申。该段的最后一句话提到,神学家用哲学来理解和解释启示,这与[D]项相符,该段只提到神学家利用哲学,而[C]项则未涉及。
4.阿威罗伊认为_____。
[A] 伊斯兰神学经常屈从于哲学
[B] 宗教真理不过是白日梦
[C] 对于多数普通人来说,真正的真理是很难理解的
[D] 不完美的表达是宗教的缺陷造成的
[精解] 本题考查了文中人物的观点。专有人名Averroёs出现在文章的第三段。该段一开始作者就提到,经院哲学家的态度与哲学家阿威罗伊(Averroёs)所谓的双重真理理论形成了鲜明的对比。接着该段论述了阿威罗伊的理论,即哲学和伊斯兰神学都可以接近真相,但是只有哲学能够完美地得到它。因此,所谓的神学真理对于普通人来讲不过是对事实的不完美的想象的表达。真正的真理只有哲学才可以接近。他还认为,哲学上的真理,至少在口头上,与伊斯兰神学是矛盾的。[C]项是该段第三句的改写。[A]项将原文中的contradict偷换成subordinate to。[B]项属于断章取义,Averroёs 只认为对于普通人来说,神学真理是想象的,但哲学是可以理解它的。[D]论述了文章中没有的因果关系。
5.在下述选项中,那一项最有可能是文章接下来要叙述的?
[A] 圣·托马斯·阿奎纳的成就和先前的努力的关系
[B] 圣·托马斯·阿奎纳如何在讨论中掌握平衡
[C] 在理智和启示之间的关系上的其他努力
[D] 经院哲学成熟时期的突出特点
[精解] 本题考查了考生对文章论证结构的把握。文章最后一段首句为段落主旨句,指出:因为相信信仰和理智之间和谐统一的关系,经院派哲学家总是试图确定它们各自精确的范围和能力。该段接下来以时间为线索,先谈到早期经院哲学家不能清楚地对两者进行区分,总是过于自信地认为哲学推理可以为启示提供准则;接着谈到了经院哲学成熟时期的代表人物圣·托马斯·阿奎纳,指出他努力在二者之间找到一种平衡。可见,整个段落的内容都是围绕理智和启示关系上的努力而展开论述。因此可推测下文应继续叙述就此进行的其他努力,因此[C]项为正确答案。圣·托马斯·阿奎纳只是作为经院哲学人物的一个代表被提到,不可能对他的个人成就做过于详尽的论述,排除[A]项。[B]、[D]项都与段落主旨不一致,即不属于论证主旨的论据。
核心词汇或超纲词汇
(1)scholastic(a.)学校的,学者的,学究的,经院的或经院哲学家的(n.)经院哲学家,学究
(2)doctrine(n.)教条,学说,主义
(3)revelation(n.)显示,揭露,新发现;启示,揭示;reveal(v.)
(4)arbiter(n.)仲裁者,权威人士,主宰者;arbitrate(v.)公断,仲裁
(5)theologian(n.)神学者,空头理论家;theology(n.)神学
(6)faculty(n.)才能;全体教员;(大学的)学院,系;(授予的)权力
全文翻译
在宗教研究中,关于哲学和神学,经院派学者们持有广泛的各种各样的学说。在欧洲从9世纪到17世纪的学术实践中,赋予整个经院运动统一性的是其所有成员共同的目标、态度以及共同接受的方法。经院学者首要关注的并不是发现新的事实而是将希腊理性和基督启示各自获得的知识综合成一体。这一关注是经院哲学和自文艺复兴以来的现代思想之间最显著的不同特征之一。
经院派学者的基本目标决定了他们某些共同的观点态度,其中最重要的是他们坚信理性和启示之间存在着基本的和谐。经院学者认为上帝是这两种知识的源泉,真理是他的主要属性,因此他不可能在两种表达方式上自相矛盾。任何关于启示和理性表面上的对抗都可以追根到对理智的错误运用或对启示词语的不精确解释上。因为经院派学者相信启示是上帝的直接教诲,因此比自然的理性具有更高的真理性和确定性。因此在宗教信仰和哲学理性之间的表面冲突中,信仰一直是终极的裁决者,神学家的决断支配着哲学家的决断。13世纪早期之后,经院思想更加强调哲学在自己领域内的独立性。尽管如此,在整个经院哲学阶段,哲学一直被称作神学的仆人,这不仅是因为哲学的真理性居于神学真理性之下,还因为神学家将哲学运用到了对启示的理解和解释之中。
这种经院哲学观点与阿拉伯裔西班牙哲学家阿威罗伊所谓的双重真理理论形成了鲜明的对比。阿威罗伊的理论认为对于哲学和伊斯兰神学来说,真理都是可以接近的,但是只有哲学可以完全获得它。因此,所谓的神学真理作为一种不完美的想象的表达方式为普通人服务,去获得只有哲学才能接近的可靠的真理。阿威罗伊认为哲学真理可以与伊斯兰神学的教诲相矛盾,至少在口头上如此。
因为相信信仰和理性间的和谐关系,经院派学者试图裁决它们各自精确的能力和范围。诸如意大利的传教士和哲学家圣·安瑟莫这样的早期经院哲学家并没有清楚地区分二者,并且过于深信理性能够证明某些启示的教条学说。后来,在经院哲学的成熟阶段,意大利神职人员及哲学家圣·托马斯·阿奎纳在理性和启示之间找到了一种平衡。