Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.

First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals—the average scientist for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties—he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.

The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing; living in “public and industrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else.

重点词汇：

intellectual：

adj 1 [通常作定语] of the intellect 智力的;理智的：【例】the intellectual faculties 智能。

2 of, interested in or able to deal with things of the mind (eg the arts, ideas for their own sake) rather than practical matters 思维的, 善思考的, 能运用聪明才智的(如艺术、思想等方面，并非指实际事情)：【例】intellectual people 善思考的人;intellectual interests, pursuits, etc 需用脑力的爱好、 研究等。

n intellectual person 知识分子; 脑力劳动者：【例】 a play, book, etc for intellectuals 以知识分子为对象的剧、书等。

plead ：/ pli:d; plid/

v 1 ~ (with sb) (for sth) make repeated urgent requests (to sb) (for sth) 再三恳求或请求(某人)(做某事)：【例】plead for mercy 祈求发慈悲; He pleaded with his parents for a more understanding attitude. 他求父母多加谅解。

2 offer (sth) as an explanation or excuse, esp for failing to do sth or for doing sth wrong 提出(理由或藉口)(尤指因未做某事或做错某事)：【例】They asked him to pay for the damage but he pleaded poverty. 他们要他付损害赔偿金, 但他藉口贫穷而不偿还。

3 ~ for/against sb (law 律) (of a lawyer) speak to a lawcourt (on behalf of the plaintiff/defendant)(指律师)(在法庭上为原告[被告])提出申诉、答辩或辩护。

4 (law 律) present (a case) to a court of law 向法庭陈述(案情)：【例】 They employed the best lawyer they could get to plead their case. 他们聘请了能请到的最好的律师为他们陈述案情。

5 (law 律) put (sth) forward as the basis of a case in a court of law (on behalf of sb) (代表某人)向法庭提出(某事)(作为案件的基础)：【例】Counsel for the accused said that he intended to plead insanity, ie that his client was insane and therefore not responsible for his actions. 被告的律师说他想提出案发时被告精神失常这一理由, 为被告不需负法律责任进行辩护。

6 ~ (for) sth argue in support of sth; support (a cause) by argument 极力主张; 以辩论支持(某事业)：【例】plead for the modernization of the city’s public transport 力主城市公共交通现代化。

【形】pleadingly in a begging or an imploring manner 恳求地;乞求地

【名】pleadings (律) (原告的)诉状;被告的)答辩状

consciously：adv.

【形】conscious

1 knowing what is going on around one because one is able to use bodily senses and mental powers; awake 感觉到的; 意识到的; 清醒的: 【例】He was in a coma for days, but now he’s (fully) conscious again. 他昏迷了几天, 但现在又(完全)清醒了。

2 ~ of sth/that... aware; noticing 知道的; 察觉的; 注意到的：【例】be conscious of being watched/that one is being watched 察觉有人在监视自己

3 (of actions, feelings, etc) realized by oneself; intentional (指行为、 感情等)自觉的; 蓄意的： 【例】One’s conscious motives are often different from one’s subconscious ones. 一个人有明显动机的举动跟下意识的举动往往截然不同。

4 being particularly aware of and interested in the thing mentioned 对所提到的事物具有深刻认识和浓厚兴趣的：【例】trying to make the workers more politically conscious 努力提高工人的政治觉悟。

【名】consciousness

[U] 1 (a) state of being conscious(1) 知觉; 清醒状态：【例】The blow caused him to lose consciousness. 那一击打得他失去了知觉. (b) ~ (of sth/that...) state of being aware; awareness 明了; 觉悟：【例】my consciousness of her needs 我对她的需求的了解。

2 all the ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc of a person or people 意识： 【例】attitudes that are deeply ingrained in the English consciousness 深深扎根於英国人意识中的看法。

articulate

adj 1 (of a person) able to express one’s ideas clearly in words (指人)能用词语把意思表达清楚的：【例】She’s unusually articulate for a ten-year-old. 对一个十岁的孩子来说, 她异乎寻常地能说会道。

2 (of speech) clearly pronounced (指讲话)发音清晰的。

3 having joints 有关节的。

v 1 speak (sth) clearly and distinctly 清楚明白地说(某事)：【例】 I’m a little deaf please articulate (your words) carefully. 我有些耳背--请(把话)仔细说清楚。

2 [通常用於被动语态] ~ (sth) with sth form a joint or connect (sth) by joints with sth 形成关节; (用关节)连接：【例】bones that articulate/are articulated with others 以关节与其它骨骼相连的骨骼。

【副】articulately

【名】articulateness

in the light of 按照, 根据, 当作

analogous

adj ~ (to/with sth) partially similar or parallel; offering an analogy 类似的; 相似的： 【例】 The two processes are not analogous. 这两种过程不相似。

encounter

v (fml 文) 1 meet or find oneself faced by (sth/sb unpleasant, dangerous, difficult, etc) 遇到或发现自己面临(令人不快的、 危险的、 困难的...某事[某人])：【例】 I encountered many difficulties when I first started this job. 我开始做这项工作时, 遇到许多困难。

2 meet (a friend, etc) unexpectedly 邂逅(友人等)。

n ~ (with sb/sth) sudden or unexpected (esp hostile) meeting 突然的或意外的(尤指敌对的)相遇：【例】an encounter with an enemy 与敌人的遭遇。

ethic

n 1 system of moral principles; rules of conduct 道德标准;行为准则：【例】the Puritan ethic 清教徒的伦理观

2 ethics n (a) [sing v] science that deals with morals 伦理学：【例】Ethics is a branch of philosophy. 伦理学是哲学的分科。 (b) [pl] moral correctness 道德规范：【例】The ethics of his decision are doubtful. 他的这一决定是否合乎道德规范值得怀疑。

【形】ethical

1 of morals or moral questions 道德的; 道德上的问题的：【例】largely an ethical problem 主要是道德问题

2 morally correct 合乎道德的：【例】His behavior has not been strictly ethical. 他的行为不太道德。

eminent

adj. 1(of a person) famous and distinguished (指人)著名的, 杰出的, 卓越的：【例】an eminent architect 杰出的建筑师

2 [通常作定语] (of qualities) remarkable; outstanding (指品质、 特性)明显的;显著的;突出的：【例】a man of eminent goodness 品德优良的人

【副】eminently

obviously; outstandingly 明显地;显著地;突出地：【例】She seems eminently suitable for the job. 她看来极适合做这项工作。

　　翻译题解：

46、I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底)way about moral problems.

句子分段：

I shall define him as an individual || who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life || the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底)way about moral problems.

句子分析：

本句话的翻译主要难在句子结构的宏观把握，关键要抓住以下两点：第一，who引导的定于从句比较长，所以采取后置翻译的方法;第二，“as his primary duty and pleasure in life”是状语成分，本应放在句末作补充说明，由于elected的宾语“the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底)way about moral problems”比较长，所以as引导的状语作了前置处理，形成倒装。

从微观层面来讲，句子的词义把握总体简单，其中的define…as…(把…定义为…)，这个词组在2003年就考过，Socratic还给出了中文。考生要注意的是两点：第一，him这个代词需要根据上文译出“知识分子”，否则译文不够完整通顺，而intellectual这个单词在历年考题中出现过多次，考生应该认识。第二，elect基本的意思是选举，推选，这里需要根据上下文作适当的引申，可以理解为“选择”。其实在翻译时，不用译出elect的意思。

参考译文：

1、我把知识分子定义为这样的个体：他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题，并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。

2、我把知识分子定义为这样的个体，他把用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题作为自己的主要责任与乐趣。

(47) His function is analogous to that of a judge， who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

句子分段：His function is analogous to that of a judge，|| who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible || the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

句子分析：

本句话的翻译和46题相似，仍旧看重句子结构的分析。首先，who引导的定于从句是一个非限制性定于从句而且比较长，所以后置翻译，而且a judge这个名词不够具体，特点不够明显，所以who引导的定语从句是在限定a judge.其次，“in as obvious a matter as possible”是状语成分，用来说明reveal的方式，“the course of reasoning which led him to his decision”是reveal的宾语。由于动词语宾语被状语隔开，所以考生在历届时有一定困难。最后，“which led him to his decision”这个定语从句较短，可以先行词前面翻译。

从微观的词义方面来看，本句话要注意以下几个方面：第一，His function最好译出“知识分子的作用”;第二，analogous表示相似的，可理解为similar，很多考生不能较好把握这个单词;第三，in as obvious a manner as possible中包含in an obvious manner(明显的方式)和as obvious as possible(尽可能明显)两个词组，翻译时需要准切理解词组的结合。

参考译文：

1、知识分子的作用与法官的作用类似，后者必须承担用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程的责任。

2、知识分子的作用类似于法官的作用，后者必须承担起这样的责任：用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程。

(48) I have excluded him because， while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems， he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.

句子分段：I have excluded him || because，while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems， he has not been charged with the task || of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.

句子分析：

宏观上来讲，本句话不难，主要考察因果关系，虽然在原因部分加入while引导的让步从句，但句子结构仍旧简单。

本句话的难点在于微观层面的词义把握。Exclude与include相反，是排除的意思;accomplishment表示成就;contribute to意为有利于，有助于;be charged with应该是考生最难理解的地方，它最普通的意思是控告，但这里be charged with a task应理解为承担一项任务。另外，句子中有个分开的词组，not…any but…，表示only，理解为“仅仅”;可见，考研翻译是以一定的词汇量为基础的。除了这些词义的把握，在翻译时还要注意把句子开头的代词him具体翻译为：average scientist(普通科学家)。

参考译文：

1、我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是承担了触及这些问题事实方面的任务。

(改进：我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。)

2、因为虽然普通科学家的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是承担了触及这些问题事实方面的任务，所以我把他排除在外。

(49)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity， any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.

句子分段：But his primary task is not to think about the moral code || which governs his activity，|| any more than a businessman || is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration || of rules of conduct in business.

句子分析：

从宏观框架层面来看，关键是要把握两点：第一，“which governs his activity”这个定于从句可以放在被限定的名词前面，译文会显得简练，当然后置翻译也是可以的;考生最难把握的是not…any more than…，表示两者类似。所以后半句话是用类比的方式对前半句话进行说明。

在词义的微观层面上，有些词组需要注意。moral code中，code表示编码，道德编码不同顺，需要结合汉语表达习惯，译为“道德准则”，“道德标准”等。dedicate to表示致力于，如果这个词组没有准确理解，句子就很难译好。Exploration是开发探索之意，翻译时需要做一点调整。看见，考研翻译不仅考察对单词的认知，而且考察根据上下文作意思转换与引申的能力。

参考译文：

1、但是普通科学家的主要任务并非是思考约束其行为的道德准则，这正如人们不期望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。

2、但是普通科学家的主要任务并非思考道德准则，虽然道德准则约束着他的行为;这正如人们不指望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。

(50) They may teach very well， and more than earn their salaries， but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.

句子分段：They may teach very well，|| and more than earn their salaries，|| but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems || which involve moral judgment.

句子分析：

本句话相对简单，句子用虽然…但是…的结构即可从前往后按顺序翻译，为译需要作调整的地方就是句子最后的定于从句。该定语从句较短，可以放在先行词前面翻译。

在词义把握的微观层面，要注意more than表示不仅仅，超过;little具有否定意味，不能翻译为一些等。

参考译文：

1、教师可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱，但是大部分教师对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。

全文翻译：

美国的知识分子被他们的所在社会拒绝并不认为是社会组成的一部分，这一情况属实么?我将暗示一下这不是真实的情况。当父亲Bruckbergen观察发现正是知识分子自己拒绝了美国，他揭露了一部分真相。但是，他们所做的不仅限于此。他们逐渐对知识分子的角色感到不满。正是他们自身，而不是美国，变为了反知识分子。

首先，我们的研究目标是来力求一个定义。什么是知识分子?我把知识分子定义为这样的个体：他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题，并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。他首先提出实际问题，然后提出道德层面上的问题，最后提出看起来和他所获得的实际和道德信息相符合的行动建议。通过这一系列行为来清晰明了真实地探究此类问题。知识分子的作用与法官的作用类似，后者必须承担用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程的责任。

该定义排除了多个通常被称为知识分子的个体――对于个人而言是普通的科学家。我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。和其他人类一样，即使在日常例行职责的表现中也会遇到道德问题――人们并不会要求他可以烹饪实验，加工事实或医治报告。但是普通科学家的主要任务并非是思考约束其行为的道德准则，这正如人们不期望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。在其大部分的人生中，他将认同他的行为准则，正如商人认同商人的道德规范。

该定义同样排除了多数教师，尽管事实上，教育是许多知识分子用来谋生的传统方法。教师可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱，但是大部分教师对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。大部分著名学者甚至都符合这一描述。在人类知识的某一分支是专家是一回事;而生活在如爱默生过去常提到的“公共而勤勉的想法”之中又是另外一回事。