1. [A] Unless [B] As [C] Lest [D] Although

   2. [A] on [B] in [C] with [D] about

3. [A] worship [B] reverence [C] admiration [D] gratitude

4. [A] vanished [B] recovered [C] declined [D] attained

5. [A] unpredictable[B] unforgivable[C] unlimited [D] unlikely

6. [A] creatures [B] animals [C] men [D] mortals

7. [A] use [B] turn [C] give [D] back

8. [A] inhabit [B] live [C] reside [D] lodge

9. [A] Hence [B] Thereafter [C] Somehow [D] Incidentally

10. [A] introduction[B] transaction [C] distribution[D] provision

11. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] of

12. [A] along [B] anyway [C] afterwards [D] alike

13. [A] additional [B] vital [C] singular [D] exceptional

14. [A] alternative [B] secondary [C] intermediate[D] fundamental

15. [A] pacify [B] tempt [C] suppress [D] manipulate

16. [A] Beside [B] Beyond [C] Below [D] Before

17. [A] supervised [B] held [C] managed [D] presided

18. [A] Around [B] Under [C] Above [D] Outside

19. [A] leading [B] noble [C] controlling [D] principal

20. [A] consist [B] compose [C] compile [D] consume

答案

1. D 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. D 7.C 8.A 9. A 10. C

11. B 12. D 13.B 14.C 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. B

总体分析

本文介绍了苏美尔人对神的崇拜及由此引起的社会阶层的划分。第一句至第四句为一个意群，主要介绍了苏美尔人对神的崇拜，以及神凌驾于人之上。第五句至倒数第二句为一个意群，介绍了由于对神的崇拜而出现的社会上层阶层及其职能。末句附带说明了在宗教体系之外的社会阶层。

全文翻译

所有的苏美尔城邦都认可很多共同的神，包括天空之神、风暴之王、晨星和昏星。虽然苏美尔人崇拜代表繁衍、爱和战争的女神，但她在地位上却明显低于男性神。这表明在一个更趋都市化的社会中，过去时代的民族曾经致以大地母亲神的敬意已经减少。神似乎都极其暴力且捉摸不定，人的一生成为任他们摆布和奴役的一生。史诗《创世记》中强调人类被创造出来是为了使神放弃劳动。而且每一座城邦都有它自己的神，该神被认为确实居住在庙宇里，理论上则是城邦里所有财产的拥有者。因此诠释神的意志并且控制城市经济产品的分配的僧侣以他们超自然的以及在物质方面享有的功能而受到青睐。公元前3000年以后，当城市不断增多的战事使军事领导才能变得非常重要时，成为国王的军队首领占据了在神与僧侣阶层之间的位置，他是神的代言人，对僧侣阶层既利用又安抚。因此在一个等级社会中国王和僧侣代表了上层阶级。居于他们之下的是书吏，即，庙宇世俗的侍臣，他监督城市经济生活的方方面面，并制定粗略的司法体系。在庙宇官员之外，社会被划分为四类人：大地主和军事领导人这样一群精英和贵族人群；商人、工匠和技工的混合群体；占人口大部分的自由农民；奴隶。

十一、情人节的来历

Valentine‘s Day may come from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalia. __1__ the fierce wolves roamed nearby，the old Romans called __2__ the god Lupercus to help them. A festival in his __3__ was held on February 15th. On the eve of the festival the __4__ of the girls were written on __5__ of paper and placed in jars. Each young man __6__ a slip. The girl whose name was __7__ was to be his sweetheart for the year.

Legend __8__ it that the holiday became Valentine‘s Day __9__ a Roman priest named Valentine. Emperor Claudius II __10__ the Roman soldiers NOT to marry or become engaged. Claudius felt married soldiers would __11__ stay home than fight. When Valentine __12__ the Emperor and secretly married the young couples，he was put to death on February 14th，the __13__ of Lupercalia. After his death，Valentine became a __14__. Christian priests moved the holiday from the 15th to the 14th—Valentine’s Day. Now the holiday honors Valentine __15__ of Lupercus.

Valentine‘s Day has become a major __16__ of love and romance in the modern world. The ancient god Cupid and his __17__ into a lover’s heart may still be used to __18__ falling in love or being in love. But we also use cards and gifts，such as flowers or jewelry，to do this. __19__ to give flower to a wife or sweetheart on Valentine‘s Day can sometimes be as __20__ as forgetting a birthday or a wedding anniversary.

1.[A] While [B] When [C] Though [D] Unless

2.[A] upon [B] back [C] off [D] away

3.[A] honor [B] belief [C] hand [D] way