2016年考研英语阅读强化试题及答案(1)
[历史学]
题目序号 | 题型归类 |
第1题 | 中心主旨题型 |
第2题 | 审题定位题型 |
第3题 | 审题定位题型 |
第4题 | 标点符号题型 |
第5题 | 写作手法题型 |
Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points — periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one’s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.
Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?” and “How did it happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.
Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.
Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.
1. Which of the following best states the main point of the text?
[A] The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.
[B] Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.
[C] Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.
[D] The psychological assessment of an individual’s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.
2. The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?
[A] The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.
[B] Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.
[C] Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic diagram.
[D] Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure.
3. The author of the text suggests that psychohistorians view history primarily as
[A] a report of events, causes, and effects that is generally accepted by historians but which is, for the most part, unverifiable.
[B] an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood, work, and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare.
[C] an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as discrete units.
[D] a record the way in which a closed set of immutable psychological laws seems to have shaped events.
4. The author of the text puts the word “deepest” (line 14, paragraph 3) in quotation marks most probably in order to
[A] signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians’ claims for their work.
[B] draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians’ method.
[C] emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians’ method and that of psychohistorians.
[D] disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians’ claims from her opinion of their method.
5. In presenting her analysis, the author does all of the following EXCEPT.
[A] Make general statements without reference to specific examples.
[B] Describe some of the criteria employed by traditional historians.
[C] Question the adequacy of the psychohistorians’ interpretation of events.
[D] Point out inconsistencies in the psychohistorians’ application of their methods.
[答案与考点解析]1. 【答案】C
【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。本文的第二、三、四段描述了“heat pumps”的相关物理原理,第一、五、六段谈到了影响“heat pumps”应用的原因。由此可见本题的正确选项应该是C。考生在解题时一定要对全文的整体结构有所认识,并将各段的主题句联系起来加以理解。
2. 【答案】C
【考点解析】这是一道段落间关系题。通过题干中的“the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation”可迅速确定本题的答案信息来源应该在第二段,因为第一段就是本题的题干。通过仔细阅读原文可发现本题的答案信息来源在第二、三、四段,在这三段中本文作者为解决相关问题给出了“relevant facts”(相关事实)。可见本题的正确选项应该是C。考生在解题时一定要注意段落之间的相互关系。
3. 【答案】A
【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与反推题。通过本题题干中的“heating season”可迅速将本题的答案信息来源确定在尾段,因为尾段中的“extremely cold climates”暗示出“heating season”。通过仔细阅读和理解尾段并且进行相应的推导就可得出本题的正确选项A。考生在解题时首先要具备审题定位的能力,另外在解题时不能仅仅停留于字面含义,要多动脑子进行合理的推导。
4. 【答案】C
【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。题干把本题所涉及的问题确定在第一段,而本文作者对于该问题的解释和说明确在第四段。通过对这两段的综合归纳推导,可得出本题的正确选项是C。由于作者在第四段的深刻解释帮助解决了人们心中的疑惑,但是这两段的深层含义暗示我们:人们在做广告时要避免使用超出消费者可信度的信息。考生在解题时要注意段落之间的联系,更要注意作者所要传递的深层含义。
5. 【答案】D
【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与段落间关系题。通过题干中的“heat pumps would be used more widely”可迅速确定本题的题干来自于首段,在首段中我们也可以得知阻碍“heat pumps”被大家广泛接受的原因是“contradicting the principle of energy conservation”。在本文的第四段作者对第一段中所涉及的问题给出了合理的解释,指出“heat pumps”并没有“contradicting the principle of energy conservation”。问题出在人们对于“evaporator”缺乏了解。综合这两段的内容我们可得知:如果人们对“evaporator”有所认识,他们对“heat pumps”就不会心存疑虑,同时他们就会接受“heat pumps”,从而“heat pumps”就会得到广泛的利用。可见本题的正确选项应该中D。考生在解题时一定要注意段落之间的联系,更要注意反推即逆向思维的应用。
[参考译文]
热泵使用受到阻碍,主要是人们怀疑广告上所宣称的,热泵能够提供两倍于其所消耗电能的热能,这显然与能量守恒定理相悖。
热泵循环使用的是液体制冷剂,这个循环使得制冷剂在一个封闭环路内从液体到气体交替变化。循环开始时,制冷剂以低温低压的蒸气,进入一个电机驱动的压缩机。出了压缩机后,制冷剂变为高温稠密的气体,流经一个被称为冷凝器的热交换器,这个冷凝器把制冷剂的热量传送到一个气团。制冷剂就变成了高压冷却的液态,然后经过一个节流器,节流器使其压力下降。压力下降时,制冷剂就会膨胀并且使部分液体气化,制冷剂变冷。然后经过第二个热交换器即蒸发器,蒸发器把热量从空气中传到制冷剂中,使得第二个气团温度降低。这两个热交换器,一个在室内工作,另外一个位于室外,所以每个热交换器接触各自不同的气团:室内空气和室外空气。
制冷剂在热泵内的流动方向受阀门控制。当制冷剂逆向流动时,两个交换器就交换它们的功能。这个逆向流动的能力使得热泵对室内空气加温或冷却。
现在,如果在某些条件下一个热泵输出的热能多于其消耗的电能,则能量守恒法则受到挑战了么?不,丝毫没有:通过蒸发器进入了制冷剂循环的额外热能,可以说明能量平衡上的差异。
不幸的是,这里有一个现实的问题。热泵的加热能力随着室外温度的下降而减少,其减少是由于在固定时间内流经压缩机的制冷剂数量上的减少而造成的。热容量和制冷剂质量流动速率成比例:被压缩的制冷剂越少,加载到热机循环中传输的热量越少。在使用单速旋转式压缩机的热泵中,制冷剂气体的体积流动速率近似一个常数。但进入压缩机的制冷剂气体,其冷却的气体压力比热气压力要小。因此,冷的制冷剂气体质量,也就是它携带的热能小于在压缩之前比较热的制冷剂气体的质量。
这样,那么热泵存在的真正障碍在于:在极端寒冷气候地区,那里最需要热量,热泵却最不能够提供充足的热量。
[答案与考点解析]1. 【答案】A
【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。从第二段开始出现全文的主要谈论内容,第二段的最后一句出现了全文所谈论的中心“psychohistory”,在第二段中谈到了“psychohistory”的流行性,在第二段和第三段中作者谈到了“psychohistory”缺乏历史科学研究的“严密性和可考证性”。由此分析可见本题的正确选项应该是包含“psychohistory”和“history”概念的选项A。考生在解题时要善于首先捕捉全文的中心主旨句,并通过阅读和理解去把握原文所表达的思想。
2. 【答案】C
【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。通过题干中的“psychohistorians”可将本题的答案信息确定在第三、四段,但是题干并没有明确指出本题准确的信息来源。但是题干中的“practice”(实践)一词暗示考生本题的答案信息可能在尾段,因为人们一般阐述问题的规律是:从理论谈到实践。如果不出万一本文的尾段应该谈到“psychohistorians”的实践问题。通过阅读尾段,尤其是尾段尾句,我们可得出本题的正确选项应该是C。这道题的难点在于审题定位。审题定位不是一个简单的问题,需要考生对文章的叙述结构和人类的表达习惯有所认识。
3. 【答案】D
【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。通过题干中的“psychohistorians view history primarily as”可判断本题是要考生找出“psychohistorians”如何看待(view…as)历史(history),即要考生找出“psychohistorians”对历史的看法和态度。根据行文和表达规律,这道题的答案信息应该在第三段,准确地说在第三段的第五句话,因为这句话包含“history”一词。通过阅读和理解第三段的第四、五、六句话,我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是突出“psychological”含义的选项D。考生在解题时一定要注意英语行文和表达的规则。
4. 【答案】A
【考点解析】这是一道标点符号题。本题题干已将本题的答案信息确定在第三段的倒数第二行。此处引号所表达的含义是“所谓最深刻的”,即实际上是“不深刻的”。故本题的正确选项应该是含有“reservations”(有保留)一词的选项A。考生在破解阅读理解题型时一定要注意标点符号的应用,以及它们所产生的相应的含义。
5. 【答案】D
【考点解析】本题是一道写作手法题型。这是一道比较难的题,旨在考察考生的语言基本功,尤其是写作手法和文章结构方面的知识。本题A、B、C中所涉及的内容可分别在第三段第六、七、八句、第一段第一、二句以及第三段的尾句找到。本文并没有谈到“psychohistorians”在应用自己方法方面的前后矛盾不一致性,故本题的正确选项应该是选项D。考生在解题时应注意原文中常用的写作手法。
[参考译文]
传统上,历史研究具有固定的界限和焦点——时期、国家、引人注目的事件,和伟大的领袖。在学术过程上的观念也非常清晰和坚定:研究者是如何探究历史问题的,他们是如何展示他们的发现并归纳成文档的,有什么令人信服的足够的证据。
凡是注意最近的历史文献的人都能证明在历史研究上正在发生一场革命。目前最流行的题材直接来源于社会学领域:儿童时代,工作,休闲。伴随着新的题材的是新的研究方法。过去的历史主要是叙述性的,现在则完全变成分析性的了。过去的问题是“发生了什么?”和“怎么发生的?”,现在它们则让位给了“为什么会发生?”。在用来回答“为什么”这一问题的方法中,最突出的是心理分析,而对这种方法的使用则导致了心理历史学的兴起。
心理历史学并不仅仅在历史环境下使用心理解释。过去,历史学家也总是在适当并有足够证据支持的时候使用这样的解释。但这种对心理学的实用主义的应用并不是心理历史学家所希望的。他们通常不只局限于心理学,而是要使用弗洛伊德的心理分析。这样,就同过去历史学家所理解的历史大相径庭了。心理历史学不是从历史,从事件的详细记录和它们的前因后果中来获取“事实”,而是对造成历史的个人进行心理分析,从中获取“事实”;不是从这些创造历史的人物一生的这个或那个实例中演绎出理论,而是从超越历史的人类本性的角度来推导理论。它否定关于历史证据的基本标准,即:这些证据应该是公众能够了解的,因此,也就是所有历史学家都能够了解的。它还违反了历史学方法的基本原则:历史学家要警惕能够驳倒他们的论题的反面事例。心理历史学家,则相信他们的理论绝对正确,而且确信他们的理论是对任何事件的“最深刻”的解释,而其它的解释都远离真实。
心理历史学家并不满足于破坏历史学的规范(在正确研究和书写过去的意义上);它还要破坏过去本身。它否定过去是一个整体并有自身的发展规律,人们在这个整体中出于各种不同的动机行事,事件的发生是由多种原因和影响共同造成的。它把决定当前情况的决定论强加给过去,这就剥夺了人和事件的独特性和复杂性。它不是尊重过去的特殊性,而是把过去和现在的所有事件都吸收到一个单一的决定论模式中,假设这个模式在任意时间和任意环境中都是正确的。