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新托福考试综合写作真题范例详细解析12(阅读材料)

考研英语  时间: 2019-04-08 14:09:19  作者: 匿名 

  阅读材料:

  Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37℃, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
  恒温动物是指诸如现代鸟类和哺乳动物这种可以保持体温恒定的动物。比如,人是恒温动物,无论环境温度是怎样,体温都维持在37℃。因为恐龙属于爬行动物,而现代的爬行动物都不属于恒温动物,所以长期以来恐龙都被当做是变温动物。然而,恐龙在很多地方都同现在的爬行动物不一致。同时,现在有大量的证据表明恐龙其实是恒温动物。

  Polar dinosaurs
  One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
  极地恐龙
  主张恐龙属于恒温动物的原因是在极地发现了恐龙。只有能够很好维持体温的动物才能在如此寒冷的地方生存。

  Leg position and movement
  There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
  腿的位置和运动方式
  恒温动物和腿的位置及运动方式有一定联系。恒温动物的生理结构允许它们进行持续的物理运动,比如奔跑。但是,只有当腿长在身体的下部而不是两侧的时候才能快速地奔跑,而像鳄鱼或者很多蜥蜴的腿,都是长在身体两侧的。所有现代恒温动物的腿都是长在身体下部的,而恐龙的腿也具有同样的特点。这很有力地说明了恐龙是恒温动物。

  Haversian canals
  There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly; and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
  哈弗森管
  恒温动物和骨结构之间也有相应的关联。很多恒温动物都有一种名为哈弗森管的骨结构。这种哈弗森管可以保护神经和血管以保障动物快速地生长,而快速生长恰恰是恒温动物的一个特征。哈弗森管的存在可以有力的说明该动物属于恒温动物,而恐龙的骨骼化石中常常可以观察到哈弗森管。

 

  阅读部分需要提取的观点是:
  
- Main point: 恐龙是恒温动物。
  - Sub point 1: 恐龙的化石在极地发现,而极地只有恒温动物生存,所以恐龙是恒温动物。
  - Sub point 2: 恐龙有跟恒温动物一样的腿结构,所以恐龙是恒温动物。(这个是有逻辑漏洞的,一会在听力部分我再解释)
  - Sub point 3: 恐龙跟恒温动物一样的哈弗森管,所以恐龙是恒温动物。

  观点抽出方法:
  这篇文章的观点抽取上难度不是很大,但是问题的关键是要看到这个论证的逻辑链,而找到的逻辑链有助于我们在听力的时候快速精准地提取有用信息。
  分论点一的逻辑是:只有恒温动物能适应极地的寒冷气候,而恐龙能适应,所以恐龙是恒温动物。这个只有让这个逻辑关系合格,所以只能翻过极地的状态和恐龙的状态了。
  分论点二的逻辑是:是什么?是“所有现代恒温动物的腿都是长在身体下部的,而恐龙的腿也具有同样的特点”吗?不是的,腿长在身体下部是恒温动物的“必要不充分条件”。段内的逻辑是这样的:腿长在身体下部可以快跑à可以持续剧烈运动是恒温动物。然后呢?把恐龙带进去。哪个地方是有可能反驳的呢?听力部分一定是要打碎这个逻辑链。
  分论点三的逻辑是:有哈弗森管可以保护血管和神经可以快速生长恒温动物。而恐龙恰好有恒温动物。反驳的时候一定也是打碎逻辑链。
  这种科学类的题目,很多都是建立在推测的基础上的,所以推理论证就是最常用的方式啦。因为,反驳的时候也一定用打碎逻辑链的方式。

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