2016年考研英语:语法大全(短语和句子)
短语(phrase)具有一定意义但不构成从句或句子的一组词,叫做短语。短语在句子里可以单独作为一个句子成分。短语的种类很多,但本书只用下列几个短语名称:
a)不定式短语(infinitive phrase)如He 1ikes to read newspapers after lunch(他喜欢在午饭后读报)中的to read newspapers after lunch.
b)动名词短语(gerundial phrase)如:
Staying indoors all day is unhealthy(整天呆在家里不利于健康)中的staymg indoors all day.
c)分词短语(participial phrase)如:
I saw many people walking along the lake(我看见许多人在湖边散步)中的walking along the lake.
d)介词短语(prepositional phrase)如:
He came by bus(他乘公共汽车来)中的by bus.
从句(clause)内含主语部分和谓语部分,表达一定的概念,但不成为一个独立句子的一组词,叫做从句。从句在句子里可以作为一个句子成分,一般由连词、关系代词或关系副词所引导。
从句在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等句子成分;
a)主语从句(subject clause)如What I want to say is this(我要说的是这么一点)中的what I want to say.
b)表语从句(predicative clause)如This is what I want to say(这是我要说的)中的what I want to say.
c)宾语从句(object clause)如I have said what I want to say(我说完了我要说的话)中的what I want to say.
d)定语从句(attributive clause)如This is the thing I want to say(这就是我要说的)中的I want to say.
e)状语从句(adverbial clause)如If you want to say something,say it clearly(假如你要说什么,就应说清楚)中的if you want to say something.
句子(sentence)内含主语部分和谓语部分,有比较完整的意义的一组词,叫做句子。
从句子结构本身来看,句子可分为:
a)简单句(simple sentence)只有一个主语部分和一个谓语部分,如:
The people’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.中华人民共和国于一九四九年成立。
b)并列句(compound sentence)包括两个或两个以上的简单句,中间常由连词连接,如:
Tom’s father worked from morning till night but he got very little money.汤姆的父亲从早干到晚,但挣得的钱很少。
c)复合句(complex sentence)内含一个或一个以上的从句,如:
It’s a long time since I saw you last.好久没有看见你了。
从说话人说话的目的来看,句子可分为:
a)陈述句(declarative sentence)用来叙述一件事,如:
I saw him yesterday.昨天我看见他了。
b)疑问句(interrogative sentence)用来提出疑问,如:
Did you see him yesterday?你昨天见到他了吗?
c)祈使句(imperative sentence)表示请求、命令等,如:
Please come in.请进来。
d)感叹句(exclamatory sentence)表示喜怒等各种情感,如:
What a beautiful voice she has!她嗓子多好啊!